2). Alkaptonuria is a recessive genetic disorder in which two amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, are not properly metabolized. Flowering time regulation in cropswhat did we learn from Arabidopsis? Here, the ELF3Hsp effect might be increased in the presence of a homozygous wild PPD-H1 allele, suggesting an interaction of these two. Alleles are a pair of genes that occupy a specific location on a particular chromosome and control the same trait. . For adaptation of barley cultivation to a wider range of environments, early flowering genotypes are necessary for short growing seasons, while late flowering increases yield in temperate climates (Cockram et al., 2007; Fernandez-Calleja et al., 2021). 3). 6D, F; Supplementary Table S21). Previous studies have shown that variation in PIF4 expression and elongation growth can be explained by genetic variation in AtELF3 (Box et al., 2015; Raschke et al., 2015). von Zitzewitz J, Szucs P, Dubcovsky J, Yan L, Francia E, Pecchioni N, Casas A, Chen THH, Hayes PM, Skinner JS. All analysed growth and developmental parameters were scored from these images. Descriptive statistics for each HIF sister line per year. S1; Supplementary Table S4; Supplementary Protocol S1). Furthermore, 19 ELF3 alleles (out of 21 different ELF3 haplotypes in donor lines of HEB-25) could be determined as novel alleles (Supplementary Table S15). (2018) also describe the potential effects of ELF3 on the traits SHO, HEA, MAT, and HEI, confirming the results from our previous study in a different environmental context. Recall that Mendels pea-plant characteristics behaved in the same way in reciprocal crosses. AtELF3 also controls growth in response to ambient temperature and photoperiod (Thines and Harmon, 2010; Box et al., 2015; Raschke et al., 2015; Anwer et al., 2020; Jung et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2022). (2021). 10 - Prexams For barley, Ejaz and von Korff (2017) could show that a non-functional elf3 leads to earlier flowering under high ambient temperature, whereas a functional ELF3 leads to later flowering. Explain the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes in dominant and recessive gene systems, Develop a Punnett square to calculate the expected proportions of genotypes and phenotypes in a monohybrid cross, Explain the purpose and methods of a test cross, Identify non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, recessive lethals, multiple alleles, and sex linkage, The gene for flower position in pea plants exists as axial or terminal alleles. We have shown that the selection of HIFs with a fixed genomic background is crucial to obtain significant results. Table S2. ANOVA results of phenotypic data for genotype, year, and genotypeyear interactions. A healthy person in a family in which some members suffer from a recessive genetic disorder may want to know if he or she has the disease-causing gene and what risk exists of passing the disorder on to his or her offspring. Mean differences and SDs are based on differences for each HIF pair per block. You do a test cross between a pea plant with wrinkled peas (genotype rr) and a plant of unknown genotype that has round peas. Notably, the identified structural homologues for the Barke sequence have a conserved Trp at position 9, whereas HID_102 showed lower conservation of the substituted Gly (Fig. CVs for YLD were particularly high, which can be explained by the high variation of EAR. Plant features important for plant adaptation are tolerance or resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors such as water and nutrient availability, extreme temperatures, and soil salinity, as well as pathogen infections. Transcript levels of flowering time genes in Bowman, BW290, and HIF pairs 10_003 and 10_190. As is common with pathogens that multiply to large numbers within an infection cycle, P. falciparum evolves relatively rapidly (over a decade or so) in response to the selective pressure of commonly used anti-malarial drugs. Consequently, in addition to the ANOVA, the descriptive statistics emphasize the difference between the two trial years (Supplementary Fig. Table S3. (C, E) Weblogo of the identified homologues for structures for Barke (W669) and substituted HID_102 (W669G) sequence. Search for other works by this author on: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. Protein sequences of all 25 wild donors of HEB-25, Barke, Bowman, BW290, and Morex. By the end of this section, you will be able to: The seven characteristics that Mendel evaluated in his pea plants were each expressed as one of two versions, or traits. Initially, we aimed for HIF pairs that would only segregate at the ELF3 locus, but additional segregating loci between the HIF sister lines were obtained (Supplementary Fig. A variation on incomplete dominance is codominance, in which both alleles for the same characteristic are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote. Also, under long-day conditions, variation at PPD-H1 was shown to influence flowering time of elf3 mutants (Faure et al., 2012). They cannot carry it because an individual needs two X chromosomes to be a carrier. However, the VRN-H1 transcript abundance was slightly reduced in BW290 compared with Bowman at ZT00/24 and ZT08. Challinor AJ, Watson J, Lobell DB, Howden SM, Smith DR, Chhetri N. Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, OSullivan D, Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ. To answer this, we selected the subsequence 661680, and structural homologues were identified by BLASTp. spontaneum and agriocrithon, hereafter abbreviated as Hsp) with the elite cultivar Barke (Hordeum vulgare ssp. Occasionally, a nonfunctional allele for an essential gene can arise by mutation and be transmitted in a population as long as individuals with this allele also have a wild-type, functional copy. For natural ELF3 variants, we found variation regarding flowering time gene expression in barley. The latter amount is consistent with the average yield of 59.5 dt ha1 for Barke in a previous study in Halle (Wiegmann et al., 2019). All statistical analyses were performed with either SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) or R 3.4.3 (R Development Core Team, Vienna, Austria). The causal relationship and functional consequences of phase separation in vivo are very elusive (McSwiggen et al., 2019), so there are still many open questions regarding potential effects and functional consequences of ELF3 phase separation and nano-compartment formation in barley. S2. In this context, the yield-related effects in HIF sister lines of 16_105 and 17_041, which seemed interesting due to the presence of the same ELF3 allele, can now be explained by the presence of different brittle rachis (btr1/btr2) alleles (physical position of the region: chromosome 3H: base pairs 3875805739626379 (refseq2), closest SNP: SCRI_RS_146425, Supplementary Table S3), which affect the shattering of the ear at maturity. ZS/2016/08/80644 to KP and MQ). For this purpose, the barley NAM population HEB-25 was used as a basis for selection of heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs). The PIF4 gene in Arabidopsis controls thermomorphogenesis (Koini et al., 2009; Quint et al., 2016), which refers to morphological changes dependent on the ambient temperature. Additionally, elite donor Barke was placed as a control in 27 plots in 2019 and 11 plots in 2020. KP, MQ, and AM: conceptualization and planning the experiments; TZ: data analysis and performing the experiment in 2019; JK and NR: performing the experiment in 2020; ZZ: generating ELF3 gene sequences, deriving ELF3 protein sequences, and conceptualization of the image-based phenotyping experiment, which was conducted by AJ and TA; ZZ and SB: performing gene expression experiments; SB: generating ELF3 promotor sequences of HIF 10_190; TS: analysis of ELF3 gene sequences and providing additional barley genome resources; CT and PLK: performing ELF3 protein sequence and structure analysis; TZ, ZZ, CT, MQ, KP, and AM: writing the manuscript. Frequently Asked Questions on Allele Definition. Based on this, the effect of this W669G substitution might not only affect the phase separation behaviour of ELF3, but might also be involved in disorder-driven phase separation events within its cellular community. Further funding for protein structure analysis was acquired by PLK from the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF, ZIK program) (grant nos 03Z22HN23, 03Z22HI2, and 03COV04), the European Regional Development Funds for Saxony-Anhalt (grant no. Furthermore, these results confirm the earlier assumption that the effects of ELF3 depend on the genetic background, consistent with its upstream role in barley flowering time regulation (Faure et al., 2012; Boden et al., 2014). Consequence or byproduct Grow weaker, as one's patience (2 wds.) Estimating parent-specific QTL effects through cumulating linked identity-by-state SNP effects in multiparental populations, Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations, Evaluating phase separation in live cells: diagnosis, caveats, and functional consequences, Measurement of the beta-sheet-forming propensities of amino acids, TRITEX: chromosome-scale sequence assembly of Triticeae genomes with open-source tools, Differential effects of day/night cues and the circadian clock on the barley transcriptome, MobiDB-lite: fast and highly specific consensus prediction of intrinsic disorder in proteins. In addition to 22 homologous pairs of autosomes, human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes, whereas human males have an XY chromosome pair. To confirm the results from the field experiments in a different but typical experimental condition, HIF pair 10_190 was selected for a greenhouse experiment (LDs: 16 h light, 8 h darkness, day/night temperatures of 20 C/18 C) and compared with cultivar Bowman and the two elf3 mutant lines BW289 and BW290. This interaction seems to play an essential role in the process of phase separation (Vernon et al., 2018). S2), meaning that differences in developmental and yield-related traits between the two years can mainly be explained by different environmental conditions (Supplementary Fig. Of course, doing a test cross in humans is unethical and impractical. To test whether ELF3 expression is present and varies between HIF sister lines, as well as to further understand the phenotypic differences between Barke ELF3Hv and wild ELF3Hsp allele-carrying HIF sister lines originating from the same wild donor, we analysed diurnal expression of ELF3 itself as well as its downstream genes HvCO1, HvGI, PPD-H1, VRN-H3/HvFT1, and VRN-H1. Sumiti Vinayak, et al., Origin and Evolution of Sulfadoxine Resistant Plasmodium falciparum, Public Library of Science Pathogens 6, no. Table S22. If the round pea parent plant is heterozygous, what is the probability that a random sample of 3 progeny peas will all be round? Mendel implied that only two alleles, one dominant and one recessive, could exist for a given gene. (CF) Local analysis of homologous structures. Fig. If the pair of alleles are different, the organisms genotype is called heterozygous. The two HIF pairs 10_003 and 10_190 were selected due to the strong effect differences between HIF sister lines in 10_190 and the non-existent effects in 10_003, for which only assumptions could be made until now. However, given that Hsp alleles of all other HIFs also share this substitution (Fig. Concepts in Biology CH 10 Flashcards | Quizlet (Note that different genotypic abbreviations are used for Mendelian extensions to distinguish these patterns from simple dominance and recessiveness.) Although some Y-linked recessive disorders exist, typically they are associated with infertility in males and are therefore not transmitted to subsequent generations. With regard to Drosophila eye color, when the P1 male expresses the white-eye phenotype and the female is homozygous red-eyed, all members of the F1 generation exhibit red eyes (Figure). vulgare, hereafter abbreviated as Hv). (ii) Trp contains a delocalized -electron system in its side chain, and is thereby able to form , -stacking, and cation interaction networks. (credit: storebukkebruse/Flickr). Boden SA, Weiss D, Ross JJ, Davies NW, Trevaskis B, Chandler PM, Swain SM. In this case, HEB lines also showed lower yields than Barke. In a self-cross between heterozygotes expressing a codominant trait, the three possible offspring genotypes are phenotypically distinct. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. It was suggested to support crop improvement under higher temperature (Zhu et al., 2022). Alleles are a pair of genes that occupy a specific location on a particular chromosome and control the same trait. A test cross can be performed to determine whether an organism expressing a dominant trait is a homozygote or a heterozygote. Webrefers to an allele that is expressed only in the ABSENCE of a dominant allele. In this case, the wild-type allele is dominant over all the others, chinchilla is incompletely dominant over Himalayan and albino, and Himalayan is dominant over albino. Table S13. Therefore, recessive alleles can be carried and not expressed by individuals. The population originates from crosses of 25 highly divergent wild barley accessions (Hordeum vulgare ssp. In 2019, plants on average needed a >100 h longer photoperiod to reach SHO and HEA (Supplementary Table S8). One reason could be that larger plots and extra replicates (six in 2020 versus four in 2019) are necessary to observe significant differences. Day lengths and weather conditions during the respective growth periods in 2019 and 2020. For a monohybrid cross of two true-breeding parents, each parent contributes one type of allele. Both field trials were sown in March (4 March 2019 and 19 March 2020), with fertilization and pest management carried out according to local practice. This QTL significantly affected the traits shooting (SHO; Zadoks stage Z31), shoot elongation phase (SEL; time from Z31 to Z49), heading (HEA; Z49), maturity (MAT; Z87), and plant height (HEI). The HIF pairs confirmed variation between ELF3 alleles and genotypeenvironment interaction across the studied years. Since HIF sister lines of 10_190 are nearly isogenic (<1% of segregation, Supplementary Table S18), and it is the only HIF harbouring only one single amino acid difference between wild ELF3 and Barke ELF3 (Fig. Gly, besides Pro, is a known -sheet breaker (Minor and Kim, 1994; Smith et al., 1994), corroborating this observation with possible effects on higher order hydrogen-bonding patterns. In simple genetics, alleles can be homozygous or heterozygous. Indeed, transcript abundance of VRN-H1 was induced at various time points in 10_190_ELF3Hsp compared with ELF3Hv (Fig. In this study, YLD was very high in 2019 (97.6 dt ha1) whereas in 2020 it was far lower (38.8 dt ha1). Domestication and selection of crop plants improved yield but this was associated with loss of genetic diversity. Apart from these two lines [16_105_959 (ELF3Hsp) and 17_041_1000 (ELF3Hv)], all other HIF lines carry cultivated alleles at btr1/btr2 (Supplementary Table S3). 2) and the greenhouse experiment (Fig. The allele for red flowers is incompletely dominant over the allele for white flowers. The genotypic ratio would therefore be 2:1. More precisely, a meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation based on 1700 studies even predicted that cultivar adaptation would be the most promising way to increase yield under the predicted climate change (Challinor et al., 2014). If the pattern of inheritance (dominant or recessive) is known, the phenotypic ratios can be inferred as well. Table S11. The average grain yield for spring barley in Germany in 2020 was 55.6 dt ha1 (Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2020). The plots consisted of eight rows with a length of 3.2 m, a distance of 0.15 m between rows, 0.3 m between plots, and a seeding density of 300 seeds m2. In one quarter of their offspring, we would expect to observe individuals that are homozygous recessive for the nonfunctional allele. Physical positions of SNPs were derived from the Morex reference sequence v2 (refseq2) (Monat et al., 2019). The method of phenotyping the traits heading, tiller number, and plant height was slightly different compared with the field trials. This resulted in 32995 SNP markers, which were used for pre-selection. A single copy of the wild-type allele is not always sufficient for normal functioning or even survival. Carrier females can manifest mild forms of the trait due to the inactivation of the dominant allele located on one of the X chromosomes. Presumably, the generally faster phenological development in 2020 led to a shorter growth period (e.g. 2; Supplementary Fig. Subsequently, the protein sequences were obtained by using the ExPASy translate tool (Gasteiger et al., 2003). 5D). We are also grateful to Roswitha Ende, Jana Mglitz, Markus Hinz, and various students for technical assistance in the field experiments. The HIF pairs confirmed variation between ELF3 alleles and genotypeenvironment interaction across the studied years. Because human males need to inherit only one recessive mutant X allele to be affected, X-linked disorders are disproportionately observed in males. 1 for the trait HEA. For detailed information about the population design, see Maurer et al. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale). Summarizing table of all ELF3 protein sequence polymorphisms present in the field trials and their respective phenotypic effects in both years. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Data from the local sequence analysis, including the identified pdb file, chain, residue range, and occurrence of secondary structure elements. (A) Structure of the HvELF3 gene in barley (Barke). The same trend as for plant height was visible for plant area and plant volume (Fig. The site of the amino acid substitution at position 9 is highlighted in red, residues prone to be in disordered regions are highlighted in green, and charged residues in blue. When P1 plants with contrasting traits were cross-fertilized, all of the offspring were heterozygous for the contrasting trait, meaning that their genotype reflected that they had different alleles for the gene being examined. 2. 3), the low percentage of segregation (Supplementary Table S18, S20) makes HIF 10_190 especially interesting. Total RNA was isolated using the NucleoSpin RNA Plant Kit (Macherey-Nagel), cDNA was synthesized using the PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (Perfect Real Time, Takara Bio), and quantitative real-time PCRs were performed on an AriaMx Real-Time PCR System (Agilent) using Absolute Blue Low Rox Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific). In 2020, the highest daily average temperature was 23.8 C (Supplementary Fig. Image This hierarchy, or allelic series, was revealed by observing the phenotypes of each possible heterozygote offspring. From this data, can you tell if the round pea parent plant is homozygous dominant or heterozygous? Deng W, Casao MC, Wang P, Sato K, Hayes PM, Finnegan EJ, Trevaskis B. Dixon LE, Knox K, Kozma-Bognar L, Southern MM, Pokhilko A, Millar AJ. Error bars indicate the SE of the mean across 13 biological replicates. In 2019, the field trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design consisting of four blocks, each containing a randomized replication of the 11 selected HIF pairs. To prepare a Punnett square, all possible combinations of the parental alleles are listed along the top (for one parent) and side (for the other parent) of a grid, representing their meiotic segregation into haploid gametes. Particularly interesting is that the donors of family 16 and 17 have exactly the same protein sequence, especially when considering the different effects on yield (Fig. For the sake of completeness, we also analysed data across years in Supplementary Table S7 and Supplementary Fig. Error bars indicate the SE of the mean (n=3) of three biological replicates. The son of a woman who is a carrier of a recessive X-linked disorder will have a 50 percent chance of being affected. Allele: Function, How It Works, Significance - Verywell Health To explore more about allele definition, or any other definitions in Biology, register at BYJUS. For the image-based trial, ANOVA was conducted pairwise with SAS to test for significant trait effects between Bowman and the two mutants as well as between the two HIF sister lines of 10_190 for plant height, area, and volume. Heading (A) was scored from images when the awn tips of the first awn were visible. Primer sequences are described in Supplementary Table S6. In an X-linked cross, the genotypes of F1 and F2 offspring depend on whether the recessive trait was expressed by the male or the female in the P1 generation. For the HIF pair, the line with the wild ELF3Hsp allele flowered ~18 d earlier than the line carrying the ELF3Hv allele, even outperforming the results of the field experiments and the previous QTL studies, probably due to the optimal conditions in the greenhouse (e.g. An example of this in humans is Huntingtons disease, in which the nervous system gradually wastes away (Figure11). The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to Although diploid organisms can only have two alleles for any given gene, it is common for more than two alleles of a gene to exist in a population. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Correlations support this decision (Supplementary Figs S2, S3; Supplementary Protocol S1). Also for other genes that are known to be involved in controlling flowering time, contrasting alleles were found for two GI-related genes, LUX, ELF4, and PIF4 for HIFs in family 10 and for one GI-related gene, LUX, CO2, ELF4, PPD-H2, and PIF4 in family 12 (Supplementary Table S19). In contrast, the transcript abundance of HvELF3 was not different between ELF3Hv and ELF3Hsp in HIFs 10_003 and 10_190, except for occasionally detected increased HvELF3 expression in ELF3Hsp lines (10_003 at ZT20 and 10_190 at ZT00/24) (Fig. Boxplots (AD) show medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs), and outliers were defined as 1.5 IQR. Figure1. Interestingly, the rhythmic expression pattern of HvCO1 in Bowman was not detected in BW290 (Fig. In Arabidopsis, the C-terminal region of ELF3 binds the PIF4 basic helixloophelix (bHLH) domain which subsequently prevents PIF4 from activating its transcriptional targets (Nieto et al., 2015). Called the test cross, this technique is still used by plant and animal breeders. Interestingly, the Himalayan phenotype is the result of an allele that produces a temperature-sensitive gene product that only produces pigment in the cooler extremities of the rabbits body. (credit a: James D. Gathany; credit b: Ute Frevert; false color by Margaret Shear; scale-bar data from Matt Russell). . Wild barley: a source of genes for crop improvement in the 21st century? EARLY FLOWERING3 regulates flowering in spring barley by mediating gibberellin production and FLOWERING LOCUS T expression, EARLY FLOWERING 3 and photoperiod sensing in, ELF3 controls thermoresponsive growth in Arabidopsis, Evolutionary relationships among barley and Arabidopsis core circadian clock and clock-associated genes, Genetic and management effects on barley yield and phenology in the Mediterranean Basin, Functional characterisation of HvCO1, the barley (, Expression conservation within the circadian clock of a monocot: natural variation at barley Ppd-H1 affects circadian expression of flowering time genes, but not clock orthologs, Genetic control of reproductive development in temperate cereals, Candidate genes underlying QTL for flowering time and their interactions in a wide spring barley (, A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation, Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity, Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops, Global transcriptome profiling of developing leaf and shoot apices reveals distinct genetic and environmental control of floral transition and inflorescence development in barley, Temporal repression of core circadian genes is mediated through EARLY FLOWERING 3 in Arabidopsis, The genetic control of reproductive development under high ambient temperature. Correlations. WebTwo alleles for a given gene in a diploid organism are expressed and interact to produce physical characteristics. 2). Left plots in (A) and (B) are standard analysis plots of Alphafold-derived models reflecting a per-residue estimate of its confidence on a scale from 0 to 100 and translated into positional ambiguity in 3D space (from 0 to 30 as shown in the scale bar below each plot) as described in Jumper et al. WebAllele Definition. Finally, some alleles can be lethal. Therefore, the offspring can potentially have one of four allele combinations: YY, Yy, yY, or yy (Figure1). Furthermore, plant height (HEI), ears per square metre (EAR), grain number per ear (GNE), thousand grain weight (TGW), and grain yield (YLD) were investigated. This may occur when the mutant allele somehow interferes with the genetic message so that even a heterozygote with one wild-type allele copy expresses the mutant phenotype. The Author(s) 2023. Besides time to flowering (HEA), additional phenological traits were investigated such as time to shooting (SHO), duration of shoot elongation (SEL), duration of ripening phase (RIP; time from Z49 to Z87), and time to maturity (MAT). Fernandez-Calleja M, Casas AM, Igartua E. Francia E, Tondelli A, Rizza F, et al. In the context of an ever growing world population and climate change, maximizing crop yields for further food supply will be pivotal (FAOSTAT, 2009) and could be ensured, for example, by adaptation of crops to different environments (Challinor et al., 2014). Based on the STRING (Szklarczyk et al., 2021) entry of the homologous protein from Arabidopsis, AtELF3 has 10 described interaction partners identified using the default criteria (Fig. The C atom of the mutation site is highlighted as a green sphere. Half of the female offspring would be heterozygous (X, Because axial is dominant, the gene would be designated as, The Punnett square would be 2 2 and will have. One step further toward a crop CO2-concentrating mechanism, From the lab to the field: CRISPR/Cas addressing challenges in agriculture, Uncovering plant epigenetics: new insights into cytosine methylation in rye genomes, The extensin protein SAE1 plays a role in leaf senescence and is targeted by the ubiquitin ligase SlSINA4 in tomato, Society for Experimental Biology Centenary (19232023), About the Society for Experimental Biology, https://www.highqu.com/ALLin-RPH-Polymerase/HLE0101, https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/K0701, Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, 2020, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. 4) and that 10_003 harbours exactly the same ELF3Hsp allele without showing the same strong phenotypic effects underline the dependency of the ELF3 effect on the genetic background, shaping a complex interaction network. Together with the results from the field trials (Fig. In other words, peas are diploid organisms in that they have two copies of each chromosome. N-terminal (N), middle (M), and C-terminal (C) regions of the HvELF3 protein were identified based on the comparison with AtELF3 (Fig. Unaffected individuals are indicated in yellow and have the genotype AA or Aa. The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype. Tanja Zahn and others, Novel exotic alleles of EARLY FLOWERING 3 determine plant development in barley, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 74, Issue 12, 27 June 2023, Pages 36303650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad127. Web1. The P1 plants that Mendel used in his experiments were each homozygous for the trait he was studying. If these heterozygous offspring are self-crossed, the resulting F2 offspring will be equally likely to inherit gametes carrying the dominant or recessive trait, giving rise to offspring of which one quarter are homozygous dominant, half are heterozygous, and one quarter are homozygous recessive. An inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form and in which the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered non-lethal phenotype is referred to as recessive lethal. PPD-H1Hv/ELF3Hv, PPD-H1Hv/ELF3Hsp, PPD-H1Hsp/ELF3Hv, and PPD-H1Hsp/ELF3Hsp). In particular, yield was unexpectedly low in 2020. Homozygotes (LMLM and LNLN) express either the M or the N allele, and heterozygotes (LMLN) express both alleles equally. In the field experiment, no plant height effect was observed between sister lines of HIF 10_190 (Fig. Here, the exotic ELF3Hsp has varying effects among HEB families, but it is, in most cases, accelerating flowering (up to 2 d) compared with the cultivated barley ELF3Hv allele. allele, also called allelomorph, any one of two or more genes that may occur alternatively at a given site (locus) on a chromosome. 6A), and locally these regions can transition equally to various secondary structure elements as shown by our analysis (Fig.

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