Such negative interpersonal outcomes cause emotional pain and suffering. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. The scoping review has touched on a number of areas which intersect with interpersonal interactions and relationships after SCI but is not a comprehensive review of these related topics. Many of these had significant content about relationships but those that did not were dropped from the review. The primary construct examined in the papers was spread across 15 topics with sexual relationships and sexuality and personal relationships being the two most frequent. The two extracted summaries prepared for each study were then compared, and a third reviewer was asked to examine the study in cases where the summaries were discrepant. Studies which primarily examined factors influencing social participation or social integration were included if it was evident that interpersonal interactions and relationships were a component of the study. Mere presence is not enough: Responsive support in a virtual world. In trying to establish intimate partner relationships after SCI, it may be the objections of family and peers which undermine the relationship [82, 84]. Braun V., Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Close relationships represent a health risk factor equal to or greater than known health risk factors such as smoking, body mass index, and physical activity (Holt-Lunstad, Smith, & Layton, 2010), making it essential to understand how close relationship processes lead to health risks or benefits. Pietromonaco PR, Powers SI. To gain a broad insight into these factors, a scoping review was undertaken. This scoping review was exploratory in nature and, in the absence of quality appraisals of the studies under review, the results must be viewed with appropriate caution. and transmitted securely. Most studies have emphasized stress appraisals and physiological stress responses as mediators, but other mechanisms, including the largely untested mediating pathways in Figure 1, may link close relationships to health. Data from the retained studies were independently extracted by two members of the review group by following a data extraction template. Conversely, communities with greater residential density lowered the odds of social participation for people with SCI. They may lead individuals to construe social situations in more threatening ways (e.g., over-perceiving rejection), and undermine their ability to benefit from protective relationship processes (e.g., failing to see acceptance). relationships Social connection thereby can help individuals sustain a positive affective balance, facilitate emotion regulation, and build resilience (Feeney & Collins, 2015). Threats to the social self (social evaluation, rejection) have been linked to greater cortisol reactivity (Dickerson, Gruenewald, & Kemeny, 2004; Ford & Collins, 2010), proinflammatory cytokine activity (Dickerson et al., 2004), and inflammation (Slavich, Way, Eisenberger, & Taylor, 2010). These processes may be especially important in the context of illness and disease, when symptoms and treatments may damage self-image and self-esteem, and they also may have important implications for care seeking behavior. Relationship of therapeutic recreation inpatient rehabilitation interventions and patient characteristics to outcomes following spinal cord injury: The SCIRehab project. Social threats also are associated with poorer sleep patterns and risky behavior such as smoking, binge eating, and less physical activity, which may accumulate to adversely affect health over time. Before Few studies have directly tested whether one or more of the mediating pathways (e.g., endocrine responses) account for the link between specific forms of social connection/disconnection and specific health outcomes (e.g., cardiovascular health). Avoidantly attached individuals expect that partners are unlikely to be responsive and prefer self-reliance. Which are likely to yield the greatest benefits? To promote positive outcomes, enacted support must be sensitive and responsive to the support-recipients goals, needs, and preferences (Collins & Feeney, 2000), leading the recipient to feel understood, validated, and cared for (Maisel & Gable, 2009; Selcuk & Ong, 2013). Thematic analysis was conducted on data extracted from the studies and 51 factors which may facilitate relationships and 38 factors which may impede relationships after SCI were noted. The financial cost of SCI and physical and psychological burden on spouses, as well as the changed nature of relationship roles, have been suggested as sources of relationship strain in the presence of SCI [16]. Relationship and social problems linked to bladder and bowel function and management were prevalent factors identified in the review. DeSanto-Madeya S. The meaning of living with spinal cord injury 5 to 10 years after the injury. The .gov means its official. They also appear to contribute to the development of co-morbid mood and anxiety disorders. The review has touched upon interesting information about the role of health professionals as proxies for early socialization after SCI. Roach M. J., Harrington A., Powell H., Nemunaitis G. Cell telephone ownership and social integration in persons with spinal cord injury. However, being younger was associated with higher likelihood of separation and divorce [32] and being older was associated with marriages surviving longer [47]. The research question to which the scoping review was addressed was what factors facilitate or impede the maintenance and development of interpersonal interactions and relationships for people who have SCI?. Finding the right P.A.T.H. Be the first one to say Sorry. negative behaviours The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Boehm JK, Kubzansky LD. For example, when romantic partners provide responsive support for personal goals (e.g., they are enthusiastic and affirming of ones aspirations), recipients are more likely to engage in exploration, to attain goals over time, and to show increased personal growth (Feeney, 2004; Jakubiak & Feeney, 2016a). Mediating effect of interpersonal relations on negative emotions McColl M. A., Bickenbach J., Johnston J., et al. With respect to sexual intimacy, being married was found in one study to be associated with decreased sexual satisfaction, though sentimental life was found to be better for married couples [71]. Figure 1 shows the study selection process. Effects of psychological and social factors on organic disease: a critical assessment of research on coronary heart disease. Perceiving Others Thirty-four (34) studies had a qualitative design, 25 were quantitative, and three (3) utilized mixed methods. Dunn M., Van Horn E., Herman S. H. Social skills and spinal cord injury: a comparison of three training procedures. Chau L., Hegedus L., Praamsma M., et al. Close relationship partners are poised to influence each others health and lifestyle behaviors such as eating, physical activity, restorative activities (sleep, leisure), substance use, health care utilization, and adherence to medical regimens (Pietromonaco, Uchino, et al., 2013). Pressman SD, Matthews KA, Cohen S, Martire LM, Scheier M, Baum A, Schulz R. Association of enjoyable leisure activities with psychological and physical well-being. Resilience following spinal cord injury: a phenomenological view. The number of studies involving women is surprising, as the proportion of men versus women sustaining SCI has been reported at 3.8:1 worldwide [101]. The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at, close relationships, health, biopsychosocial pathways, social support, dyadic effects. Ditzen B, Heinrichs M. Psychobiology of social support: The social dimension of stress buffering. Relational orientations may shape whether social connection or disconnection increases or reduces health risks and outcomes. Eleven studies involved only women as participants and this may have biased the results of the review. Eleven (11) studies had only women participating and eight (8) had only men. Duvdevany I., Buchbinder E., Yaacov I. 2014;27(4):37693. Figure 1 illustrates several plausible mediating pathways, with an emphasis on select intrapersonal processes psychological, biological, and behavioral that are likely to result from interpersonal experiences of social connection/disconnection. Interestingly, results from the study by Bastanfar and Crewe [33] suggested that using a wheelchair for mobility might make a person stand out in social situations. Primary coding was conducted by one reviewer (DA) with the aid of NVivo 8 software. Research in the USA, conducted in the 1980s, found lower marriage rates after SCI and higher divorce rates for preinjury marriages when compared with the general population [15]. Wyndaele M., Wyndaele J.-J. Received 2016 Aug 18; Revised 2016 Oct 20; Accepted 2016 Nov 16. Slatcher RB, Robles TF, Repetti RL, Fellows MD. Kennedy P., Lude P., Elfstrm M. L., Cox A. Perceptions of gain following spinal cord injury: a qualitative analysis. In: Simpson JA, Rholes WS, editors. Minimal amendment was required to reach agreement between reviewers as to the accuracy and clarity of codes. Kinship or family relationships are influenced by social and cultural norms but less so in Western countries where families are becoming less standardized in composition. Interactions with close partners involving negativity or hostility behaviors that often are unresponsive to partners needs -- have been linked to disrupted physiological stress responses (Robles, Slatcher, Trombello, & McGinn, 2014). Responsive secure base and capitalization support also build psychosocial resources and personal fortitudes such as self-worth, self-efficacy, and perceived control (Feeney, 2004; Feeney & Thrush, 2010) which can buffer stress and foster adaptive coping during more difficult times. The review included a considerable number of studies which primarily focused on sex and sexuality. Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress. Li C. M., Yau M. K. Sexual issues and concerns: tales of Chinese women with spinal cord impairments. Does hugging provide stress-buffering social support? Those who were good at meeting people and romancing before SCI are those who are more successful after injury [33]. Similarly, spouses who received an intervention to enhance warm physical contact showed greater post-treatment decreases in -amylase and blood pressure, and greater increases in salivary oxytocin compared to controls (Holt-Lunstad, Birmingham, & Light, 2008). Exhibiting patience and acceptance [16] and placing value on relationships [16, 34, 52, 68, 82] were also suggested as behaviours which may help to maintain relationships in the presence of SCI. Stanton SCE, Campbell L, Loving TJ. Factors affecting Interpersonal Relationship - Management Successful relationships in the presence of SCI were characterized in this literature as mutual and reciprocal. Search terms for interpersonal interactions and relationships. Negatively Affect Interpersonal Be a little more adjusting. Inflammation also heightens sensitivity to social threat: Participants who received an inflammation-inducing low-dose endotoxin showed greater activity in the amygdala when viewing socially threatening images, which, in turn, was associated with feeling disconnected from others during the task (Inagaki, Muscatell, Irwin, Cole, & Eisenberger, 2012). Daily goal progress is facilitated by spousal support and promotes psychological, physical, and relational well-being throughout adulthood. Recent theoretical models (Feeney & Collins, 2015; Graber, Laurenceau, Miga, Chango, & Coan, 2011; Pietromonaco, Uchino, & Dunkel Schetter, 2013) suggest that supportive close relationships promote health both by helping people cope with stress and by enabling them to fulfill basic needs for social connection such as love, intimacy, companionship, and security. Arango-Lasprilla J. C., Ketchum J. M., Francis K., Premuda P., Stejskal T., Kreutzer J. Does attachment get under the skin? Relationships can be sources of support as well as stress, which can adversely influence health (Brooks & Dunkel Schetter, 2011; Rook, 2015). Relationship status and quality moderate daily pain-related changes in physical disability, affect, and cognitions in women with chronic pain. Relationships Collins NL, Feeney BC. Lun J, Kesebir S, Oishi S. On feeling understood and feeling well: The role of interdependence. The secondary groupings were factors pertaining to social attitudes, supporters, physical environment, and resource factors (which broadly encompassed equipment and service systems). Ford MB, Collins NL. A more targeted systematic review which focuses on key factors identified in this review would be the next step towards informing the development of rehabilitation strategies. May 29, 2019 Adam Gault/Getty Images Summary. Advances in experimental social psychology. factors Botticello et al. Adolescents often try on different identities and roles, and all of these relationships contribute to their identity formation. Brain imaging studies show that intimacy, acceptance, and romantic love are associated with neural activity that has implications for health (Morelli, Torre, & Eisenberger, 2014). Akko Y., Ersz M., Yldz N., et al. Specific programs designed to enhance interpersonal interactions and relationships were examined in two studies, with some limited evidence of success [44, 85]. [46] examined the attachment style of participants with SCI and found that secure attachment style was associated with more satisfying relationships. Girardin M., Widmer E. D. Lay definitions of family and social capital in later life family and social capital in later life. Factors which facilitate or impede interpersonal interactions and relationships after SCI. We looked at both how interpersonal relationships can be both verbally and physically destructive. Pearcey T. E., Yoshida K. K., Renwick R. M. Personal relationships after a spinal cord injury. In: Duck S, Hay DF, Hobfoll SE, Ickes W, Montgomery BM, Duck S, Montgomery BM, editors. Beckwith A., Yau M. K. Sexual recovery: experiences of women with spinal injury reconstructing a positive sexual identity. Weigel D. J., Ballard-Reisch D. S. Relational maintenance, satisfaction, and commitment in marriages: an actor-partner analysis. Go to: Abstract Social media is profoundly changing the way many people interact, and there are growing concerns that social media use is negatively affecting individuals mental health. Sbarra DA, Hazan C. Coregulation, dysregulation, self-reguiation: An integrative analysis and empirical agenda for understanding adult attachment, separation, loss, and recovery. Meta-analytic evidence suggests that cardiovascular reactivity to some acute lab stressors (e.g., cognitive stress, public speaking) predicts later cardiovascular risk (e.g., hypertension, coronary artery calcification) three or more years later (Chida & Steptoe, 2010). Influence of race/ethnicity on Divorce/Separation 1, 2, and 5 years post spinal cord injury. A brief intervention to promote conflict reappraisal preserves marital quality over time. Robles TF, Slatcher RB, Trombello JM, McGinn MM. Houlihan B. V., Drainoni M., Warner G., Nesathurai S., Wierbicky J., Williams S. The impact of internet access for people with spinal cord injuries: a descriptive analysis of a pilot study. Our framework draws from recent theoretical advances (Feeney & Collins, 2015) emphasizing the importance of social connection in both good times and bad times. Slatcher RB, Selcuk E, Ong AD. Berkman LF, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman TE. The results in the study by Hwang et al. The role of leisure in the experience of posttraumatic growth for people with spinal cord injury. Franceschini M., Di Clemente B., Rampello A., Nora M., Spizzichino L. Longitudinal outcome 6 years after spinal cord injury. Putting effort into self-presentation was highlighted in some studies as beneficial and is a strategy which is readily supported. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Depression, a multifactorial disorder, plays a negative role in interpersonal relationships because it is the most common psychological disorder in emerging adults This view on interpersonal relationships WebDownload The connection between two or even more people could be regarded as an interpersonal relationship, which includes different forms, there are colleagues From an attachment theoretical perspective, this form of social support is labeled safe haven support (Collins & Feeney, 2000) or source of strength support (Feeney & Collins, 2015) and it emphasizes the role of close relationships as a haven of comfort, security, and aid during difficult times. Most people experience many different types of relationships in their lives. Ottomanelli L., Barnett S. D., Goetz L. L. A prospective examination of the impact of a supported employment program and employment on health-related quality of life, handicap, and disability among Veterans with SCI. These terms seek to cover the breadth of the topic which ranges from general day-to-day interpersonal interactions to personal interactions with particular people, including formal relationships, informal social relationships, family relationships, and intimate relationships. Attachment processes are especially evident under conditions of stress, which is of central interest to health psychologists, and they are implicated in a variety of health-related outcomes (Feeney & Collins, 2015; Pietromonaco, Uchino, et al., 2013; Pietromonaco, DeVito, Ge, & Lembke, 2015). The role that rehabilitation programs could play in promoting social environments was an interesting finding of some studies. Ability to maintain continence and be independent in bladder management were positive social and relationship factors [43, 71]. Crawford J. J., Gayman A. M., Tracey J. A qualitative descriptive study of self-management issues in people with long-term intermittent urinary catheters. For example, wives whose negative behavior was more (vs. less) likely to be followed by husbands withdrawal showed greater cortisol levels on a day including a conflict discussion (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1996). WebDuring adolescence, young people learn how to form safe and healthy relationships with friends, parents, caregivers, teachers, and romantic partners. Attachment styles displayed by adults are understood to affect the development and maintenance of romantic relationships. have shown associations between spouses hostile behaviors (e.g., criticizing) and elevated blood pressure, poorer immune responses, proinflammatory cytokine production, and slower wound healing. Close relationships play a vital role in human health, but much remains to be learned about specific mechanisms of action and potential avenues for intervention. Kane HS, Slatcher RB, Reynolds BM, Repetti RL, Robles TF. There are, however, other hidden sequelae, such as bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction, and secondary health conditions, such as persistent pain and pressure injury, which can have a negative impact upon social participation [10, 1214] including relationship formation and preservation. negative affect, and coping strategies. Selcuk E, Ong AD. Sbarra DA. Jaremka LM, Glaser R, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Finally, growing evidence indicates that physical touch and intimacy broadly shape health through psychosocial and physiological pathways. Maisel NC, Gable SL. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Open communication was frequently mentioned as positively associated with good relationship outcomes [16, 49, 77, 80, 82]. In work primarily examining relationships between friends or romantic partners, people who chronically hold approach social goals are more likely, over time, to be satisfied with their social life, less lonely, and to have greater psychological well-being, whereas those who hold avoidance social goals are more likely to experience anxiety and loneliness, and to report more physical health symptoms (Gable & Impett, 2012). Interpersonal Mechanisms Linking Close Relationships to Schedin Leiulfsrud A., Reinhardt J. D., Ostermann A., Ruoranen K., Post M. W. M. The value of employment for people living with spinal cord injury in Norway. The majority of factors could be categorized as environmental or personal according to the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Clarify how beauty affects interpersonal attractiveness. The most frequently coded factor amongst the modifiable personal factors was poor self-image. The importance and meaning of sexuality and sexual intimacy within such relationships will vary from couple to couple; however evidence suggests that it remains an important component of such relationships in the long term and in the presence of factors which may be barriers to sexual intimacy [4]. Longitudinal changes in spouses HPA responses: Convergence in cortisol patterns during the early years of marriage. Jaremka LM, Glaser R, Loving TJ, Malarkey WB, Stowell JR, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The alternative is adopting an approach of taking life as it comes [93]. Rehabilitation programs which are inclusive of friends and family have also been said to maintain and strengthen relationship bonds [17, 52, 68]. Social relationships may influence subsequent health and disease outcomes through many mechanisms. Social support in good and bad times can lead to the development of fortitudes (e.g., skills, capacities, perceptions of available support) that contribute to resilience, whereas social disconnection can undermine these resources. Accepting disability: the parenting experience of fathers with spinal cord injury (SCI). Some studies highlighted the role that social environments could play in positive interpersonal interactions and relationships after SCI. Smith TW. Keep in touch: The effects of imagined touch support on stress and exploration.

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