He is often credited with defeating and ultimately crushing the challenge posed by the Kalabhras. [105] With the invasion of the Sultanates, Vijayanagaras, and Nayakars from the fourteenth century onwards, the Pandyas lost their traditional capital of Madurai and shifted to cities like Tenkasi and Tirunelveli. They gained prominence after the eclipse of the Satavahana dynasty, whom the Pallavas served as feudatories. In line with the prevalent customs, some of the rulers performed theAswamedhaand otherVedic sacrifices. [8] The poems refers to about twelve Pandya rulers. patronised Brahmanism. [33]This is supported by Marathi historianR. C. Dherewho stated that Pallavas were originally pastoralists that belonged to Kuruba lineages. [79], By c.897CE, Chola king Aditya I was the master of the old Pallava, Ganga and Kongu countries. Between the Krishna and Kaveri rivers, he held absolute power over the entire area. Chillarekakodumka has been identified by some as ancient village Chillarige in Bellary, Karnataka. Agastya appears prominently in medieval Tamil literature also. Pallava Dynasty: Origin and Rulers - NCERT Ancient India UPSC Notes - Prepp With Kalabhras Some of the leaders who are worth mentioning are Simhavarama I Sivaskandavarma I, Veerakurcha, Shandavarma II, Kumaravishnu I, Simhavarma II, and Vishnugopa. [44], Pandya rulers from early historic south India[45][12], Pandya rulers such as Nedunjeliyan, the Victor of Talaiyalanganam, and Mudukudimi Peruvaludi, the Patron of Several Sacrificial Halls ("the Palyaga-salai") find mention in a number of poems (such as Mathuraikkanci). Vishnugopa was defeated by Samundragupta in his Southern expedition. Simhavishnus son Mahendravarman I followed him. The upper rock-cut cave at Tiruchirappali is by far the best of Mahendras creations. The founder of the Kadamba dynasty, Mayurasarman, learned the Vedas in Kanchi. The inscription on the silver and gold coins during the Pandyas, were in Tamil-Brahmi and the copper coins bore the Tamil legends. Mahabalipuram or mamallapuram is a historic city andUNESCOWorld Heritage sitefound in chengalpet district of Tamil Nadu, India. In Indian mythology, the Mahabharata warrior Ashwathamma had a descendant who married a Naga princess. The parapet is composed of miniature shrines (called the kutas and salas) connected by wall elements (the harantaras). The Cholas' rule started in the ninth century after they overthrew the Pallavas. the kingdom of Panyue is also called Hanyuewang. Numerous Kadamba inscriptions provide details of Pallava-Kadamba hostilities. [7] He led his army to the Chola country (even as far as Nellore), to Sri Lanka and to south Kerala. The Chinese travellerXuanzangvisitedKanchipuramduring Pallava rule and extolled their benign rule. They supported the Bhakti movement from both Saivism and Vaishnavism of Hinduism. It seems that Maravarman Kulasekhara wanted Vira Pandya to succeed him (who in turn was defeated by Sundara Pandya after a short period of time). Avid reader, history and mystery lover. Pallava Dynasty | SpringerLink Nonetheless, Nandivarman III had managed to restore the Pallava power to its former glory. The Kalabhras were protesting the countless land grants (Brahamadeya) made by the Brahmanic rulers to Brahmanas. They believe that Pallavas were originally feudatories of the Satavahanas in the south-eastern part of their empire who became independent when the Satavahana power declined. [86] In his conquests, Jatavarman Sundara I was assisted by number of Pandya royals such as Jatavarman Vira Pandya. The fortunes of the Pallavas and effectively those of the Tamil people swung dramatically with the arrival on the political scene of Simhavishnu. The Early Origins Of The Pallava Dynasty Are Unclear The origin of the Pallava dynasty is obscure. Nandivarman was succeeded by his son, Dantivarman (c. 796-847). The Pallava Kingdom was renowned for its support of Dravidian-style buildings. During this time, Tamil writing had also advanced. On top, a necking that supports a solid dome, or cupola (crowned by a pot and finial)the sikhara. Their early coins are said to be similar to those of Satavahanas. Vishnugopa, Skandasisya, Buddhavarman and Ashokavarman are some other rulers assigned to this phase. Superstructure: 'kutina' type (stepped stories in pyramidal form with decorative bands/parapets or the hdras). Pallava Dynasty - Political Background, Extent, Rulers [NCERT Notes on The span of Pallavas's reign was from 275 CE to 897 C.E. CholaPrinceIlandiraiyanis traditionally regarded as the founder of the Pallava dynasty.Ilandiraiyan is referred to in the literature of theSangam periodsuch as thePathupattu. Edit History Discussion. They played a crucial role in the change from rock-cut buildings to stone temples that can still be seen in Mahabalipuram today. The credit for having initiated the rock-architecture in the Pallava country must be given to the royal artist Mahendravarman I. Required fields are marked *. Mahendravarman bestowed upon himself a string of titles, that include: Chetthakari (temple builder), Mattavilasa (addicted to enjoyment), Chitrakrappuli (tiger among painters), and Vichitrachitta (myriad-minded). [18] An internal crisis in the Pandya kingdom coincided with the Khalji invasion of south India in 131011. The Chalukyas of Badami, the Pandyas of Madurai, and the Pallavas of Kanchipuram fought it out for control of southern India by the seventh century AD. [77], During the rule of Dantivarman (r. 796847 CE), the Pallava territory was reduced by the encroachment from the Pandyas from the south (and Rashtrakutas and the Telugu-Cholas from north). [8][103], After the departure of the Khaljis, Vira and Sundara Pandya resumed their conflict. Unitech Cyber Park Sector 39, Pallava kings, presumably exalted ones, were known by the titleMahamalla(great wrestler). Only up until the end of the ninth century CE did Pallavas authority continue. Historical India is an opensource community based project dedicated to the history of Greater India. [12] The early Pandyas, along with the Cheras and the Cholas, were eventually displaced by the Kalabhra dynasty.[14]. Indian traditions such as the Great Epics and the Puranas often associate southern India with Sage Agastya (who had his ashrama in the south). [86] He invaded the Chola country, sacked Uraiyur and Thanjavur, and drove the Chola king Kulothunga III into exile. He also invaded Sri Lanka, ruled by Bhuvanaikabahu I, "carried away to the Pandya country the venerable Tooth Relic", and the wealth of the island. Later, Mahendravarman converted to Hinduism, guided by the Shaiva Master Appar. Your email address will not be published. As a consequence, South India was no longer ruled by the Pallavas. Although the Pallavas were ruled by many kings, the dynasty as an organized and effective ruling family was not established until sometime in the 6th-century CE. [108] During the same period, some Pandyas ruled with Tirunelveli as their capital. [93] The island was again invaded and defeated by Jatavarman Vira II in 1270 CE. [102] Subsequently, there were two more expeditions from the sultanate in 1314 led by Khusro Khan and in 1323 by Jauna Khan under the Punjab-born sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq. According to some experts, they originated from the Tondaimandalam area near Madras and were first settled there. He beat Pulakesin II in three conflicts, including one in Manimangalam close to Kanchi in 642 CE. [16] It is a possibility that Pandya ruler Vira Pandya defeated Chola king Gandaraditya and claimed independence. [29] She is thought of ruling the whole western and northern coast of Sri Lanka from her capital Kudiramalai, where remains of what is thought of as her fort are found. "The Port of Mantai, Sri Lanka. The Pallavas migrated to southern India at some unknown time and established a kingdom. [47][48] The Purananuru and Agananuru collections contain poems sung in praise of various Pandya rulers and also poems that were claimed to be composed by the rulers themselves. The long-running Pallava-Chalukya dispute started during this period. [39], Silver punch-marked coins with the fish symbol of the Pandyas dating from around the same time have also been found. He maintained a powerful fleet and had excellent overseas connections. [106] All the Pandyas from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya and his next generations were crowned in the Adheenam Mutt[107] in Kasi Viswanathar temple. He performed the Ashvamedha Yajna and was a devout Brahmin. Simhavishnu is generally credited with the founding of the Pallava Dynasty. These include the Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas, and Pallavas. Pallava Dynasty Extent Kanchipuram served as the Pallavas' main city. Mahendravarman I was succeeded Narasimhavarman I Mahamalla (AD 630-68) was the greatest of the Pallavas who raised power and prestige of the dynasty to an amai height. When they were at their most powerful, their realms stretched from Andhra Pradeshs northern region to the southern River Kaveri. ", This page was last edited on 25 June 2023, at 03:05. 'Beginnings of South Indian History', in, The cyclopdia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia By Edward Balfour, invaded the Pandya country, sacked Madurai, "The Characteristic Features of Early Medieval Tamil Society", The First Spring: The Golden Age of India Abraham Eraly Google Books, Strabo, Geography, BOOK XV., CHAPTER I., section 73, Travel and ethnology in the Renaissance: South India through European eyes, Joan-Pau Rubis, Muslim identity, print culture, and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu, J. Kailasanathar Temple,Kanchipuram [11] Madurai, in south Tamil Nadu, was the most important cultural centre in south India as the core of the Tamil speakers. The Pallava dynasty was a Tamil dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of the Deccan, also known as Tondaimandalam. The glory of the Pallava dynasty is reflected in the splendid temples that straddle the cities of Kanchipuram and Mammallapuram. Militarily the Pallavas seemed to have regained their mojo, but domestically, a lot of concerns were brewing. The Chola king Aditya I defeated Aparjitavarman and took control of the Kanchi region. Another hypothesis states that they are the children of a Manipallavam-born Naga princess and a Chola prince (Sri Lanka). Several Tamil literary works, such as Iraiyanar Agapporul, mention the legend of three separate Sangams and ascribe their patronage to the Pandyas. [18] Maravarman Kulasekhara I (1268) defeated an alliance of the Hunic Hoysalas and the invader Cholas (1279) and allied Sri Lanka. Around the 6th century, it was exported eastwards and influenced the genesis of almost all Southeast Asian scripts. The Pallavas are most noted for their patronage of Hindu temple architecture, the finest example being theShore Temple, aUNESCO World Heritage SiteinMamallapuram. The Pallava dynasty was established around 250 A.D. and reigned for about five hundred years. The Pallavas' exact origin is unknown, but evidence strongly suggests that the Pallavas were Parthians, a nomadic Persian people of Aryan descent, who came to India from northern Iran. [10] The western sailors also established a number of trading settlements on the harbours of the ancient Tamil region. With Kadambas Pandya dynasty - Wikipedia Sanskrit was widely used bySimhavishnuandNarasimhavarman IIin literature. Religion Origin of Pallavas The decay of the Satavahana Empire facilitated the emergence of a number of new kingdoms on its ruins. The Pallava Dynasty was one of the South Indian ruling dynasties which gained prominence after the eclipse of the Satavahanas dynasty, whom the Pallavas served as feudatories. Learn more. The rulers of the south Indian region Pallavas made their way in the history by providing few of the finest rulers, they bestowed the country with their efficient craftsmanship and were also responsible for introducing new styles of architecture and even some of the prominent authors of India. The Pandya kingdom was revived by king Kadungon (r. 590620 CE[15]) towards the end of the 6th century CE. The eminent Sanskrit scholar Bharavi resided during Simhavishnus rule. [28], Folklores attributes Alli Rani (meaning "the queen Alli") as one of the early historic rulers of the Pandyas. The early historic Pandya country was famous for its supply of pearls. Under the Pallava dynasty, a unique form ofGrantha script, a descendant of Pallava script which is a type ofBrahmic script, was used. According toSir H. A. Stuartthe Pallavas wereKurumbasandKurubastheir modern representatives. Telgu . The Pallava dynasty was an Indian dynasty that ruled a large portion of southern India, also known as Tondaimandalam, from 275 CE to 897 CE. [15] The Pandyas fell into decline with the rise of the Cholas of Thanjavur in the 9th century and were in constant conflict with the latter. "Maritime Trade of Early South India: New Archaeological Evidences from Motupalli, Andhra Pradesh. Some of the coins bore a boar with the legend of 'Vira-Pandya. Simhavishnu was succeeded by another versatile and powerful ruler, Mahendravarman I. Throughout their reign, they remained in constant conflict with both theChalukyasofBadamiin the north, and the Tamil kingdoms ofCholaandPandyasin the south. [46] The Netunalvatai (in the collection of Pattupattu) by Nakkirar contains a description of king Nedunjeliyan's palace. The Pallavas became a major Dravidian power during the reign ofMahendravarman I(600630 CE) andNarasimhavarman I(630668 CE), and dominated the southernTelugu Regionand the northern parts of theTamilregion for about 600 years, until the end of the 9th century. They were, however, tolerant of other faiths. Writing system With their help, he regained control of the South Arcot region by 1314. Log in to edit articles at Historical India. The available historical materials include three copper-plate grants of Sivaskandavarman in the first quarter of the 4th century CE, all issued fromKanchipurambut found in various parts ofAndhra Pradesh, and another inscription of Simhavarman half century earlier in thePalanadu(Pallava Nadu) area of the westernGuntur district. Their shore temple design is what is most recalled about them. [81] Emperor Rajendra I continued to occupy the Pandya kingdom, and even appointed a series of Chola viceroys with the title "Chola Pandya" to rule from Madurai (over Pandya and Western Chera/Kerala countries). Copyright 2022 Mahabalipuram. We'll share General Studies Study Material on your E-mail Id. Pallava king Narasimhavarman I (r. 63068 CE), the famous conqueror of Badami, claimed to have defeated the Pandyas. Early temples were mostly dedicated toShiva. Kancheepuramserved as the capital of the Pallava kingdom. Rajasimha then found refuge in the Chera country, leaving even his royal insignia in Sri Lanka, the home of his mother. Pallava Dynasty was a famous power in South India that existed between the 3rd and 9th Centuries. The most definitive information about the Pallavas is from the reign of King Simhavishnu (c. 575 - 600 CE) who established Kanchipuram as his capital. Monumental Gifts, No.18 ECR Panaiyur, Chennai - 600119, Tamil Nadu, India. [17] Jatavarman I (c.1251) successfully expanded the kingdom into the Telugu country (as far north as Nellore), south Kerala, and conquered northern Sri Lanka. Simhavishnu ruled from Kanchipuram, also called Kanchi, in what is today the modern southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Pandya Nadu was home to a number of renowned temples, including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai. Pallava dynasty conquered the region of Thondaimandalam that was located at Pallavapuri, The Pallava rulers established their kingdom on the ruins of the eastern part of the kingdom of the Satvahanas. It is several thousand li to the southeast of Tianzhu (northern India)The inhabitants are small; they are the same height as the Chinese Scholar John E. Hill identified Panyue as Pandya kingdom. [87] The rule of the Cholas ended c.1279 with Rajendra III. He was a great ruler . Some scholars also consider Pallava to be a variant of Palada (a form of Pulindu, featured in Ashokan edicts), highlighting the terrain that may have comprised the southernmost outpost of the Mauryan Empire. [133] They generally also served as banks, schools, dispensaries, and poorhouses (thus performing valuable social functions). The proponents of the Andhra origin theory includeS. Krishnaswami AiyangarandK. A. Nilakanta Sastri. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Thereafter the Pallavas held on toKanchiuntil the 9th century, until the reign of their last king,Vijaya-Nripatungavarman. [124] A few gold coins were attributed to the Pandya rulers of this period. Pandya kings (10th centuryfirst half of 11th century CE): The Pandya empire included extensive territories, at times including large portions of south India and Sri Lanka. In fact, he went beyond the confines of his own territory, and organized an expedition to Malaya. It will thus be clear that this dynasty of the Prakrit charters beginning with Bappa-deva were the historical founders of the Pallava dominion in South India. The ancient port of Korkai, in present-day Thoothukudi, was the center of pearl trade. The Pallavas of Kanchipuram are considered to be one of the most powerful dynasties to have ruled over Bharatavarsha. Mahendravarman, Simha Vishnu's son, took over as king after his death and governed from roughly 571 to 630 CE. The Pandya kings from Sadaavarman Parakrama Pandya to his successors who ruled with Tenkasi as their capital. It started in the fourth century AD as the ruler. Two main theories of the origins have emerged from this data: one that the Pallavas were former subsidiaries of Satavahanas in theAndhradesa(the region north ofPenna Riverin modernAndhra Pradesh and later expanded south up to Kanchi, and the other that they initially rose to power in Kanchi and expanded north up to the Krishna river, and the other that they are Dependent fromCholaPrinceIlandiraiyanad native toTondaimandalam. Kanchipuram (sometimes simply called Kanchi or Kanci) is an ancient city in the Tamil Nadu region of southern India. Alongside Bodhidharma, another monk, Vajrabodhi is said to have been the son of a Tamil aristocrat, travelled from Tamil Nadu to the Tang capital of Chang'an , via Sri Lanka and Srivijaya , after mastering the art of Tantric Buddhism . Sena II, the king of Sri Lanka, invaded the Pandya country, sacked Madurai and chose Varagunavarman II (r. c. 862880 CE[76]) as the new king soon after. Pallava King Sivaskandavarman of Kanchi of the early Pallavas ruled from 275 to 300 CE, and issued the charter in 283 CE in the eighth year of his reign. The famousTondeswaram templeofTenavaraiand the ancientKoneswaram templeofTrincomaleewere patronised and structurally developed by the Pallavas in the 7th century. [125], Some of the coins had the names Sundara, Sundara Pandya or merely the letter 'Su' were etched. He was also well-known as Avanisimha, Simhavarman IIIs son and one of Indias most illustrious Pallava rulers. [79] Pandya ruler Varaguna-varman II (r. c. 862880 CE[76]) responded by marching into the Chola country and facing a formidable alliance of Pallava prince Aparajita, the Chola king Aditya I and the Ganga king Prithvipati I. ThePallava dynastywas aTamildynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion ofthe Deccan, also known asTondaimandalam. The Pallava Dynasty, after its conversion to Hinduism, was known for its tolerance of other faith traditions. The Early Pallavas seemingly were in constant conflict with the Kalabhras, but there is no robust archaeological or literary evidence to help characterize the society during their reign. [15] With the decline of the Kalabhra dynasty, the Pandyas grew steadily in power and territory. [8][74] In the Velvikudi inscription, a later copper-plate, Kadungon appears as the "destroyer" of the "anti-Brahmanical" Kalabhra kings. There are even references to a Pandya queen from 3rd century BCE representing a confederacy of the Tamil countries. We can piece together from archaeological and anthropological research, along with artifacts and archaeological features, a picture of the Pallavas, and their place in southern Indian history. Narasimhavarman spearheaded a successful naval expedition to Ceylon to reinstate the prince Manavarma. [2] Tenkasi was the last capital of the Pandyas. The Aryans are the people that the Pallavas are believed to be descendants of. Varagunavarman I invaded the Pallava country, conquered the Kongu country (western Tamil Nadu) and Venadu (south Kerala). Tamil dynasties - Wikipedia Pallava Dynasty, History of Pallava Dynasty, Pallava Dynasty - Indianmirror [59] However, others have identified it with an ancient state located in modern Burma[60] or Assam. Simhavishnu was a prolific poet, and a pioneer in lending traction to the great language of Sanskrit in Tamilakam. Observe any three picture in the lesson and write in your own words what you learn from them: Answer: The Kailas Temple: This made Pandyas to lose Madurai forever. [132] As some of the largest employers and landowners of the Pandya country, the temples played an important part in the Tamil economy and society. Kanchipuram - World History Encyclopedia He was also addressed as Mahamaila (great wrestler) for his deftness in combat. [111][112] In c.1334, Jalal ud-Din Hasan Khan declared his independence and created Madurai sultanate. It has been a long time since somebody has edited this article and is pending for moderation. He argues that they could well have adopted north Indian practices under the MauryanAsokas rule. It also remembers the precious pearls brought to the capital as booty from the "Pandya" realm. [109] They had built 32 forts around Madurai. The Pallava dynasty existed between the 3rd and 9th centuries CE, . Moreover, he brought nearly the whole of Tamilakam under his control. Major Literary Works of Pallava Dynasty - Medieval India - Prepp Avid reader, history and mystery lover. The Pandyas were assisted by Sri Lanka forces of king Mahinda IV. Pallavas, Cholas, Chalukyas, and Rashtrakutas - Andedge This fratricidal warfare continued till the end of the century, and its biggest beneficiary turned out to be one of Aparijata's allies, Chola Aditya I. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The rule of the empire was shared among several royals, one of them enjoying primacy over the rest. Kailasanathar Temple,Kanchipuram [94], Sundara Pandya I (died in 1268) was succeeded by Maravarman Kulasekara I. He was followed by his son Nandivarman III (846-69) who was perhaps the last great ruler in the Pallava dynasty. Kanchipuram was near the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Pallava Dynasty: Administration & Society - NCERT Notes For UPSC Buddhist author Dinganaga travelled to Kanchi to learn. [79] Rajasimha II received help from the Sri Lankan king Kassapa V, still got defeated by Parantaka I in the battle of Vellur, and fled to Sri Lanka. He endorsed Sanskrit literature, and infact wrote a famous Sanskrit play, Mattavilasa Prahasna. It is believed that he looted Malaya and returned without establishing any Pallava kingdom out there. The Pallava dynasty ruled over the Tondaimandalam region. [46] In the work Mathuraikkanci, the author Mankudi Maruthanar, refers to his patron, Talaihalanganum Nedunjeliyan, as the Lord of Korkai and the Warlord of the Southern Parathavar People. [46] He is also praised for his victory of Mizhalai and Mutturu, two "vel" centres along the ocean (in Pudukkottai). The Pallava dynasty existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a significant portion of the Deccan, also known as Tondaimandalam. His relations with Ceylon were very healthy, and both assisted each other to ward off domestic troublemakers. [113] In 1529 the Nayak governors declared independence and established Madurai Nayak dynasty.[8]. [84] Sri Lanka was invaded by Jatavarman Sundara I in 1258[92] and on his behalf by his younger brother Jatavarman Vira II between 1262 and 1264 CE. This article has wrong layout formatting. Tondaimandalam is famously recognised as the region that encompassed the land occupied by the Pallavas. [6][9] The origin and the timeline of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to establish. Many Pallava royal inscriptions were in Sanskrit or Prakrit, considered the official languages. Go through the map to know about the location of the Pallava Dynasty: Of the early kings, he was the most potent. Mahendravarman I created the Sanskrit play Mattavilasa Prahasana. He was a politician, a soldier, a poet, an architect, a musician, and a religious reformer. They were able to endure their rule for about 500 years. He was a feudatory under Aparijata for sometime, but didn't rest content with his subordinate status. He also kept the resurging Pandyas at bay, and forged a marital alliance with Danditurga, the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. Pallava Dynasty | Pallava Kings | Pallavas of Kanchi The royal custom of using a series of descriptive honorific titles,Birudas, was particularly prevalent among the Pallavas. The Pandyas often ruled or invaded the fertile estuary of Kaveri (the Chola country), the ancient Chera country (Kongu and central Kerala) and Venadu (southern Kerala), the Pallava country and Sri Lanka. Pulakesin II was close to reaching the Pallava capital when Mahendravarman purchased peace by giving him control of their Northern provinces. [128] Apart from these, 'Ellamthalaiyanam' was seen on coins which had the standing king on one side and the fish on the other. 680s - Wikipedia Its capital, the city of Kanchipuram, was one of the richest cities in the world under the Pallavas. Pallava Dynasty - History Study Material & Notes - Exam Pariksha

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