[154][155] By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless conquest of Mecca, and by the time of his death in 632 (at age 62) he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity. [295] Among other groups, this access to information has led to the rise of popular "televangelist" preachers, such as Amr Khaled, who compete with the traditional ulema in their reach and have decentralized religious authority. [v], The term "Islamic culture" can be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion, such as festivals and dress code. Islam began in Arabia and was revealed to humanity by the Prophet Muhammad. [21] Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the Rashidun Caliphate and the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate ruled from the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus Valley. Sharia (/ r i /; Arabic: , romanized: shara [aria]) or 'Shariat' is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. [416][417][418] Beards are often encouraged among men as something natural[419][420][bettersourceneeded] and body modifications, such as permanent tattoos, are usually forbidden as violating the creation. [206][207][208][209] In engineering, the Ban Ms brothers' automatic flute player is considered to have been the first programmable machine. Classification of religions | Principles & Significance | Britannica that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. [4][5] Adherents of Islam, called Muslims,[6] number approximately 1.9 billion globally and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians. [52], Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet ("Seal of the prophets") to convey the completed message of Islam. [397] Attempts to comply with shariah has led to the development of Islamic banking. [289], Muslim minorities of various ethnicities have been persecuted as a religious group. In Islamic burial rituals, burial is encouraged as soon as possible, usually within 24 hours. [38] The Pew Research Center estimates that 8790% of Muslims are Sunni and 1013% are Shia. Instead, looking at belonging and behaving and the ways they are interconnected with belief helps us solve the puzzle of apparently very secular projects leading to political . By the 19th century, the British East India Company had formally annexed the Mughal dynasty in India. Mu'awiya then declared war on Ali and was defeated in the Battle of Siffin. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), consisting of Muslim-majority countries, was established in 1969 after the burning of the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. [394], Islam, like Judaism, has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people. [412] Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. Similarly, personal hygiene is encouraged with certain requirements. Al-qadar, meaning "power", derives from a root that means "to measure" or "calculating". [396], In Islamic economic jurisprudence, hoarding of wealth is reviled and thus monopolistic behavior is frowned upon. [434] The child's head is shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of its hair is donated to the poor. David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). Preserved in the language of Arabic, the Qur'an . [228], Through Muslim trade networks and the activity of Sufi orders, Islam spread into new areas[41][229] and Muslims assimilated into new cultures. Date: 08/06/2006. [257][258] He formed an alliance with the Saud family, which, by the 1920s, completed their conquest of the area that would become Saudi Arabia. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity are three of the world's great monotheistic faiths. "Submission [to God]")[2][3] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad. [203] Public hospitals of the time issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors. [158] Some tribes left Islam and rebelled under leaders who declared themselves new prophets but were crushed by Abu Bakr in the Ridda wars. The assertion that Islam does match what we have to say about Judaism is not compatible with God's saving plan. The word Islam means "submission", or the total surrender of oneself to God. [120] Minarets are towers used to call the adhan, a vocal call to signal the prayer time. [17] Islamic law, sharia, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from banking and finance and welfare to men's and women's roles and the environment. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language and performed in the direction of the Kaaba. [433] On the seventh day, the aqiqah ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor. They are five things that a Muslim must do so they can live a good and responsible life. [384][385] The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists. [465] Later, criticism from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians. [410][411] Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare. [45], The central concept of Islam is tawd (Arabic: ), the oneness of God. Answer and Explanation: Priesthood | Definition, Types, Significance, & Facts | Britannica [24][25], There are two major Islamic denominations: Sunni Islam (8590%)[26] and Shia Islam (1015%). [113][114][115], Prayer in Islam, called as-salah or a-alt (Arabic: ), is seen as a personal communication with God and consists of repeating units called rakat that include bowing and prostrating to God. Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic, with Islam as the state religion. Jacquart, Danielle (2008). Islam's sensual descriptions of paradise led many Christians to conclude that Islam was not a spiritual religion. Most historians [3] believe that originated in Mecca Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. [377] Sufis played an important role in the formation of Muslim societies through their missionary and educational activities. [398] Instead, Islamic banks go into partnership with the borrower and both share from the profits and any losses from the venture. The caliphate was claimed by the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire since MuradI's conquest of Edirne in 1362,[241] and its claims were strengthened in 1517 as SelimI became the ruler of Mecca and Medina. Both early Shias and Sunnis opposed his view. Classical Sufi scholars defined tasawwuf as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God", through "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use. [423] Haya, often translated as "shame" or "modesty", is sometimes described as the innate character of Islam[424] and informs much of Muslim daily life. Those with high efficacy are more likely to be interested in politics, immersing themselves in a system that generally favors Islam at the expense of other religions. Consciousness and awareness of God is referred to as Taqwa. [320] It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, "due to the young age and high fertility-rate of Muslims relative to other religious groups. Scholar: Dr. Hatem al-Haj. The name Allah is analogous to Eloh, a Semitic term found in the divine scriptures revealed to Muhammad's predecessors Moses and Jesus (may peace be upon them all). "The doctrine of jihad: An introduction.". Non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the shahada in front of witnesses. Understanding Islam and Muslims - IslamiCity [39] In a religious context, it refers to the total surrender to the will of God. [183] During the early Abbasid era, scholars such as Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj compiled the major Sunni hadith collections while scholars like Al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh compiled major Shia hadith collections. [374][373] Historian Nile Green argued that Islam in the Medieval period, was more or less Sufism. [70] Some of them, such as Gabriel and Michael, are mentioned by name in the Quran. The four major Sunni schools are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali madhahs while the three major Shia schools are the Ja'fari, Zaidi and Isma'ili madhahib. They are described as being created variously from 'light' (nr)[59][60][61] or 'fire' (nr). Pope in Rome is the top figure in Catholicism with others below him. [126] The total annual value contributed due to zakat is 15 times greater than global humanitarian aid donations, using conservative estimates. [463], Criticism of Islam has existed since its formative stages. [250], Earlier in the 14th century, Ibn Taymiyya promoted a puritanical form of Islam,[251] rejecting philosophical approaches in favor of simpler theology[251] and called to open the gates of itjihad rather than blind imitation of scholars. [121][122], Zakat (Arabic: , zakh), also spelled Zakt or Zakah, is a type of almsgiving characterized by the giving of a fixed portion (2.5% annually)[123] of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy, such as for freeing captives, those in debt, or for (stranded) travellers, and for those employed to collect zakat. [388] Some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God's will. [246][247] The often forceful Safavid conversion of Iran to the Twelver Shia Islam of the Safavid Empire ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shia Islam. Why? Believers in Islam understand Allah to be the proper name for the Creator as found in the Qur'an. An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning . Muslims believe that there is only one God. [165][166] Uthman was elected in 644 and his assassination by rebels led to Ali being elected the next Caliph. Religious hierarchy in Islam. Religion and Women's Equality. [210] In mathematics, the concept of the algorithm is named after Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, who is considered a founder of algebra, which is named after his book al-jabr,[211] while others developed the concept of a function. The classification of religions involves: (1) the effort to establish groupings among historical religious communities having certain elements in common or (2) the attempt to categorize similar religious phenomena to reveal the structure of religious experience as a whole. Worship is encouraged to be done alone and in private and there is no hierarchical leader. [314][315], According to a report by CNN, "Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably African-Americans". The adoption of the hijab has grown more common[294] and some Muslim intellectuals are increasingly striving to separate scriptural Islamic beliefs from cultural traditions. Christianity and Islam - Wikipedia There are various methodologies to classify the authenticity of hadiths, with the commonly used grading being: "authentic" or "correct" (, a); "good", hasan (, asan); or "weak" (, af), among others. Hierarchy - Wikipedia [451], Cultural Muslims are religiously non-practicing individuals who still identify with Islam due to family backgrounds, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up, with certain national and ethnic rituals, rather than merely religious faith. [276] Migration from Syria and Lebanon was the biggest contributor to the Muslim population in Latin America. Can Islam liberate women? | Social sciences | The Guardian The first Caliph, Abu Bakr, distributed zakat as one of the first examples of a guaranteed minimum income, with each man, woman and child getting 10 to 20 dirhams annually. History of Islam - Wikipedia [177] The Kharijites led the Berber Revolt leading to the first Muslim states independent of the Caliphate. Growing up as a trader, he became known as the "trusted one" (Arabic: ), [145] and was sought after as an impartial arbitrator. David B. Barrett, George T. Kurian, and Todd M. Johnson, World Christian Encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world, Vol. Ali attempted to remove the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya, who was seen as corrupt. [384][385] Forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam[387] and, in criminal law, while imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is considered permissible; forgiving the offender is better. Islam. There is no separation between the country and the . [415] All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, except for game that one has hunted or fished for himself. [385][390] The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for complete implementation of sharia. The Arabic word Allah literally means "The God". [262] In response to the Deobandi movement, the Barelwi movement was founded as a mass movement, defending popular Sufism and reforming its practices. [458] The Druze faith further split from Isma'ilism as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismlsm and Islam altogether; these include the belief that the Imam Al-kim bi-Amr Allh was God incarnate. The Twelvers, the first and the largest Shia branch, believe in twelve Imams, the last of whom went into occultation to return one day. [327], Salafism is a revival movement advocating the return to the practices of the earliest generations of Muslims. [378][379][380] Sufism is prominent in Central Asia,[381][382] as well as in African countries like Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Chad and Niger. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants (mostly from India and Indonesia) to the Caribbean, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas. [469], Other criticisms center on the treatment of individuals within modern Muslim-majority countries, including issues related to human rights, particularly in relation to the application of Islamic law. [53] He is viewed as a personal god[52] and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. [288] Saudi Arabia campaigned against revolutionary Islamist movements in the Middle East, in opposition to Iran. Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari defended the Quranic description of paradise by asserting that the Bible also implies such ideas, such as drinking wine in the Gospel of Matthew. For other uses, see, Muhammad and the birth of Islam (570632), . [361], Sufism (Arabic: , tasawwuf), is a mystical-ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God. Andani, Khalil. [188] Caliphs such as Mamun al Rashid and Al-Mu'tasim made it an official creed and unsuccessfully attempted to force their position on the majority. [337] Ibadism is often associated with and viewed as a moderate variation of the kharijites, though Ibadis themselves object to this classification. [273][274] Pan-Islamists attempted to unify Muslims and competed with growing nationalist forces, such as pan-Arabism. [385] The Ottoman Empire's 19th century Tanzimat reforms lead to the Mecelle civil code and represented the first attempt to codify sharia. The four Sunni Madh'habs, the Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafi'i, were established around the teachings of Ab anfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas and al-Shafi'i. Contemporary Islam 4 (2010): 331-346. world's second-largest religious population, Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe, Islamic schools and branches Main branches or denominations, Logic in Islamic philosophy Islamic law and theology, treatment of individuals within modern Muslim-majority countries, "Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world", "Islam | Religion, Beliefs, Practices, & Facts | Britannica", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, "Religious Composition by Country, 20102050", "Pillars of Islam | Islamic Beliefs & Practices | Britannica", Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life (2009), The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010, 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050, The Future of the Global Muslim Population, "Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population", The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 20102050, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, The Hadith The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah), "Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary)", "THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM [sic] IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE", "A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world", "The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in adth", "Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS? In the First Civil War, Muhammad's widow, Aisha, raised an army against Ali, asking to avenge the death of Uthman, but was defeated at the Battle of the Camel. [332] Some of the first Imams are revered by all Shia groups and Sunnis, such as Ali. The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith, likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914. [62][63][64][65] Islamic angels are often represented in anthropomorphic forms combined with supernatural images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing heavenly articles. [189] They carried out inquisitions with the traditionalist Ahmad ibn Hanbal notably refusing to conform to the Mutazila idea that the Quran was created rather than being eternal and was tortured and kept in an unlit prison cell for nearly thirty months. [432], After the birth of a child, the adhan is pronounced in the right ear. [361][383], Sharia is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the state monopolized religious scholarship[286] and, in Egypt, the state nationalized Al-Azhar University, previously an independent voice checking state power. The Delhi Sultanate reached deep into the Indian Subcontinent and many converted to Islam,[224][225] in particular low-caste Hindus whose descendents make up the vast majority of Indian Muslims. [128][129] A waqf is a perpetual charitable trust, which finances hospitals and schools in Muslim societies. Hierarchical and Autonomous Religion Flashcards | Quizlet [146] The event of Muhammad's retreat to the cave and subsequent revelation is known as the "Night of Power" (Laylat al-Qadr) and is considered a significant event in Islamic history. Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. [16] The Five Pillarsconsidered obligatory acts of worshipcomprise the Islamic oath and creed (shahada); daily prayers (salah); almsgiving (zakat); fasting (sawm) in the month of Ramadan; and a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca. [177] While the Rashidun Caliphate emphasized austerity, with Umar even requiring an inventory of each official's possessions,[180] Umayyad luxury bred dissatisfaction among the pious. [b][234] Muslims in Ming Dynasty China who were descended from earlier immigrants were assimilated, sometimes through laws mandating assimilation,[235] by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study. (New York: Oxford Univ. Ascetics such as Hasan al-Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into tasawwuf or sufism. It is believed that the time of Qiymah is preordained by God, but unknown to man. [293], The globalization of communication has increased dissemination of religious information. [239] Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (12011274) proposed the mathematical model that was later adopted by Copernicus unrevised in his heliocentric model, and Jamshd al-Ksh's estimate of pi would not be surpassed for 180 years. There are five timed prayers each day that are considered duties. [184][185], At this time, theological problems, notably on free will, were prominently tackled, with Hasan al Basri holding that although God knows people's actions, good and evil come from abuse of free will and the devil. Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous. Islam is a faith that does not have any institutional hierarchy that is similar to Catholicism. WHERE ARE RELIGIONS DISTRIBUTED? One Isma'ili group, the Fatimid dynasty, took control of North Africa in the 10th century[221] and another Isma'ili group, the Qarmatians, sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone, a rock placed within the Kaaba, in their unsuccessful rebellion. [142], Supplication to God, called in Arabic ad-du (Arabic: IPA:[du]) has its own etiquette such as raising hands as if begging. [130], During the month of Ramadan, it is considered a duty for Muslims to fast. [90] Another famous source of hadiths is known as The Four Books, which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference. [35] Sizable Muslim communities are also present in the Americas, China, and Europe. [384] Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law,ibdt (rituals) and mumalt (social relations), which together comprise a wide range of topics. Some Muslims in dynastic era China resisted, Pew Forum for Religion and Public Life. It acts as a form of welfare in Muslim societies. "[112] Islam is sometimes argued to have a very simple creed with the shahada being the premise for the rest of the religion. [300], As of 2015, about 24% of the global population, or about 1.8billion people, are Muslims. [338], Non-denominational Muslims is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific Islamic denomination. Adherents of Islam, called Muslims, number approximately 1.9 billion globally and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians.. Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and . Princeton University Press. Many early converts to Islam were women, the poor, foreigners, and slaves like the first muezzin Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi. The Arabic term islm, literally "surrender," illuminates the fundamental religious idea of Islamthat the believer (called a Muslim, from the active particle of islm) accepts surrender to the will of Allah (in Arabic, Allh: God). [287] Salafism was funded in the Middle East for its quietism. Introduction to Islam (article) | Islam | Khan Academy ", "Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids", International Journal of Middle East Studies, "Chapter Thirty "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648", "Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century", "Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German). [461] Bbism stems from Twelver Shia passed through Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab while one of his followers Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah founded the Bah Faith. ", "Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam", "Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule", "Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper", "Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit", "Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast", "Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites", "Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda", "For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured', "In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil", "Data taken from various sources, see description in link", "The Future of the Global Muslim Population", Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group, "China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet)", "5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe", "Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 20102050, p.43", "The Changing Global Religious Landscape", "Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world", "British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. [72] While Muhammad was alive, these revelations were written down by his companions, although the prime method of transmission was orally through memorization. The Right to Spiritual Equality, Does It Exist in Islam? In the year 610 CE, troubled by the moral decline and idolatry prevalent in Mecca, and seeking seclusion and spiritual contemplation, Muhammad retreated to the Cave of Hira in the mountain Jabal al-Nour, near Mecca. [244], The religion of the centralized states of the gunpowder empires influenced the religious practice of their constituent populations. [329][330], Shia Islam, or Shi'ism, is the second-largest Muslim denomination. Although sensual pleasure was also present in early Christianity, as seen in the writings of Irenaeus, the doctrines of the former Manichaean, Augustine of Hippo, led to the broad repudiation of bodily pleasure in both life and the afterlife. [449], The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar that begins with the Hijra of 622CE, a date that was reportedly chosen by Caliph Umar as it was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. [328] A similar movement called Ahl al-Hadith also de-emphasized the centuries' old Sunni legal tradition, preferring to directly follow the Quran and Hadith. [131] The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God by restraining oneself for God's sake from what is otherwise permissible and to think of the needy. Both religions are considered as Abrahamic, and are monotheistic, originating in the Middle East.. Christianity developed out of Second Temple Judaism in the 1st century CE. Likewise, Muhammad has no more significance, and no less, than the founder of any other non-Judaic/Christian . The Nurcu Sunni movement was by Said Nursi (18771960);[329] it incorporates elements of Sufism and science. What is Islam? (All parts) - The Religion of Islam Imam () is the religious title used to refer to an Islamic leadership position, often in the context of conducting an Islamic worship service. Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. "[313] Although, Islam is expected to experience a modest gain through religious conversion. The lack of a centralized hierarchical structure within Islam means that Muslims are responsible for . [325] Mu'tazilism is a Sunni school of thought inspired by Ancient Greek Philosophy. [149][150][151], After 12 years of the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans, Muhammad and his companions performed the Hijra ("emigration") in 622 to the city of Yathrib (current-day Medina). [411] For most Twelver Shias, offensive jihad can only be declared by a divinely appointed leader of the Muslim community, and as such, is suspended since Muhammad al-Mahdi's occultation is 868CE. Definition The three holiest sites in Islam in descending order are Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, and Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Another feature is the avoidance of uncertainty, which is seen as gambling[399] and Islamic banks traditionally avoid derivative instruments such as futures or options which substantially protected them from the 2008 financial crisis. Islam is the youngest of the major world religions, and as such, it is also the most well documented and historically verifiable. [434] Male circumcision, called khitan,[435] is often practised in the Muslim world. Islam | Religion, Beliefs, Practices, & Facts | Britannica

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