{y1@U]x}QlZk+Z)vXQ F:4Yp%jqx(8Pd~spH\I 5IAT\A Mhxz CBZ#x1_&!M;`Eu i`Q=}z9_joA!_L5~y `W p1PU 9 Ei7.&n$C3tG?mLBA~@'`@H e&"k;F8Q83Sr;pRaZRH #eZ$IZcze(VvWEbFg a:U@ 9x1+,^Gl:K&osgu3112d~&`jFof.Pj ~XZV. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Mar 18 2022;71(11):429-436. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7111e2, Delahoy MJ, Ujamaa D, Whitaker M, et al. In addition, they must run reference tests in accordance with the Test Method and input their reference results into either the CEC Test Monitoring System or the ERC Database (for tests in the ACEA Sequences). These recommendations apply not only to healthcare facilities but also to any setting where fingerstick procedures are performed. Properly remove gloves and discard in appropriate receptacles. Sep 1 2020;370:m3320. Amarnath Yatra will begin on July 1st, 2023, registration began on April 17th . Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. CEC Test Monitoring System | Coordinating European Council (CEC) (fZS be\G-mdecUR# Clin Infect Dis. N Engl J Med. TDG-T-108 - Pitting Test The CEC MB has approved the T-108 test method and the move to SG status. Distinguishing Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children From COVID-19, Kawasaki Disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children-United States, February 2020-July 2021. Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. To learn more about CCECs, we encourage you to see them in action and to attend the monthly meetings. However, the induction of sputum is not recommended. If both NP and OP specimens are collected, combine them in a single tube to maximize test sensitivity and limit use of testing resources. Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19, March 2020-March 2021. Comparison of Blood Counts and Markers of Inflammation and Coagulation in Patients With and Without COVID-19 Presenting to the Emergency Department in Seattle, WA. Testing for other causes of respiratory illness, in addition to testing for SARS-CoV-2, may be considered, depending on local pathogen co-circulation, patient age, underlying medical conditions, season, and clinical setting. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Feb 4 2022;71(5):177-181. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7105e1, Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, et al. Influenza Specimen Collection infographic. mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalization Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 use immunoassays to detect the presence of a specific viral antigen in respiratory specimens, and include point-of-care, laboratory-based, and self-tests. Allocations were predetermined to maximize state and territory testing using a data-driven algorithm based on population, high incidence areas, and COVID-19 Task Forces directives. Twenty-one categories of appliances are included in the scope of these regulations. The utility of iPhone oximetry apps: A comparison with standard pulse oximetry measurement in the emergency department. Subscribe to receive updates. COVID-19 Tests or Treatment Free At-Home Tests Testing Locator Treatment Locator Types of Tests Viral tests look for a current infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by testing specimens from your nose or mouth. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Women Giving Birth With and Without COVID-19. It is available through this link. <>>> MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Sep 10 2021;70(36):1255-1260. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7036e2, Siegel DA, Reses HE, Cool AJ, et al. Skin Manifestations Associated with COVID-19: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Frequency, Characteristics and Complications of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Infants. For Performance Claims, this means that the laboratory must have achieved an internationally recognised Quality Management System like ISO 9001, as well as ISO 17025 for the test and become a member . To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Contact the testing laboratory to confirm accepted specimen types and follow the manufacturer instructions for specimen collection. Acute and Persistent Symptoms in Children With Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Compared With Test-Negative Children in England: Active, Prospective, National Surveillance. Coronavirus disease 2019 pregnancy outcomes in a racially and ethnically diverse population. Tender Process | Coordinating European Council (CEC) Instill 1 mL-1.5 mL of non-bacteriostatic saline (pH 7.0) into one nostril. Dermatology. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Among Residents and Staff Members of an Independent and Assisted Living Community for Older Adults - Seattle, Washington, 2020. Testing for otherpathogens by the provider should be done as part of the initial evaluation, as indicated, but should not delay testing for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. vs DOE Notice of Proposed Class Action Settlement, How to Engage with NYC Arts and Cultural Institutions, 4th Annual NYC Public School Film Festival, How to Prepare for the English Language Arts Section, Requesting Student Records and Transcripts, NYC Center for Aerospace and Applied Mathematics, College Information for Immigrant Students, National Student Clearinghouse Notice and Opt Out Form, Accessibility Support on iPads and Other Devices, Charter and Non-Public Schools Food Service, Pre-K and Early Intervention Bus Companies, Parents' Bill of Rights for Data Privacy and Security, Respect for All: Preventing and Addressing Student-to-Student Discrimination, Sexual and Other Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying, Social Media Guidelines for Students 12 and Younger, Parent Social Media Guide for Students 12 and Under, Social Media Guidelines for Students Over 13, Parent Social Media Guide for Students Over 13, File a Formal Complaint at Your Charter School, Guidelines to Support Transgender and Gender Expansive Students, Parent Guide to School Safety and Emergency Preparedness, E.G. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Mar 1 2022;41(3):e81-e86. Recent investment has seen fuels and lubricants testing utilising enhanced test cells to . Jul 15 2021;73(Suppl 1):S5-S16. Rotate the swab several times against nasal wall and repeat in other nostril using the same swab. Education Councils are part of New York City's school governance structure. To receive email updates about COVID-19, enter your email address: CDC has updated select ways to operate healthcare systems effectively in response to COVID-19 vaccination. Maintaining existing tests on an ongoing basis, concentrating on quality assurance. Lancet. Receive regular updates and information on programs, news, events, and more. They apply to appliances sold or are offered for sale in California. 2022/02/01/ 2022;13:100278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100278, Jansen L, Tegomoh B, Lange K, et al. Jul 2021;6:100109. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100109, Kim L, Garg S, O'Halloran A, et al. Added new guidance on capillary fingerstick specimen collection. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568, Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, et al. Testing Laboratories participating in CEC activities must comply with CECs Quality Requirements as stated in Guideline 18 of its Constitution. There are also four Citywide Councils: the Citywide Council on High Schools (CCHS) the Citywide Council on Special Education (CCSE) the Citywide Council on English Language Learners (CCELL) the Citywide Council for D75 (CCD75) Radiology. 2021;237(1):1-12. doi:10.1159/000512932, Thompson HA, Mousa A, Dighe A, et al. 2022;5(2):e2143151. CDC twenty four seven. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. Nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal wash/aspirate (performed by a trained healthcare provider). Characteristics and Disease Severity of US Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With COVID-19. A negative antigen test in persons with signs or symptoms of COVID-19 should be confirmed by NAAT. Emerg Infect Dis. Disparities in First Dose COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage among Children 5-11 Years of Age, United States. Nasopharyngeal specimen (NP) collection /Oropharyngeal (OP) (throat) specimen collection (performed by a trained healthcare provider, only). As with all swabs, only grasp the swab by the distal end of the swab, using gloved hands only. Insert the tubing into the nostril parallel to the palate (not upwards). doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00593-3, Belay ED, Abrams J, Oster ME, et al. Additional authorized diagnostic tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 will likely have this capability as well. doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003328, Kompaniyets L, Bull-Otterson L, Boehmer TK, et al. Individually wrapped (preferred when possible). Under certain clinical circumstances (e.g., for those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation), a lower respiratory tract aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage specimen can be collected and tested as a lower respiratory tract specimen. As the state's primary energy policy and planning agency, the Energy Commission is committed to reducing energy costs and environmental impacts of energy use while ensuring a safe, resilient, and reliable supply of energy.About the Energy CommissionCEC's45th Anniversary Events, California Energy Commission Due to the increased technical skill and equipment needs, collection of specimens other than sputum from the lower respiratory tract may be limited to patients presenting with more severe disease, including people admitted to the hospital and/or fatal cases. Interteks energy efficiency testing pedigree also covers such notable programs as: Intertek maintains the accreditations, expertise and state-of-the-art facilities throughout its global network of energy efficiency testing laboratories to help manufacturers meet regional and market requirements. Building Decarbonization Assessment For California to achieve its ambitious goals to combat climate change, the state must decarbonize buildings. endobj JAMA Netw Open. Download Style Guide (PDF) Ethics, Guidelines, Program Review, and More Standards Resources CEC regularly assess materials to identify needs for resource development and revision View Sources Program Review and Recognition CEC provides the following soil tests: soil identification, the compressive strength of rock, particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, density-moisture relationship, California bearing ratio, testing of expansive soils. Coordinating European Council (CEC) Fuels and Lubricants Testing - Intertek Publication Division: Energy Research and Development (500) Program: Electric Program Investment Charge - EPIC. Testing is important to identify and help reduce the spread of COVID-19 (see diagnostic tests for COVID-19). Members can display, analyise and compare reference test results in graphic format across all key test parameters, making this a powerful tool for monitoring test quality and spotting data trends. Test Results will be provided to the Board Vendor in a Excel* based test report and include results from The recommendations were based on statistical evaluations weighing the risk/benefit and cost effectiveness of early screening. (21,22) Studies found that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 may have coagulation abnormalities including increased D-dimer concentration, a modest decrease in platelet count, and a prolongation of the prothrombin time. Each facility should conduct a site- and activity-specific risk assessment of the procedures performed, identifying the hazards involved in the process, the competency level of the personnel performing the methods, and the laboratory facility. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Apr 2022;21(4):435-451. doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2035222, Lee A, Wong SY, Chai LYA, et al. Our annual awards recognize unsung leaders who help advance California's clean energy goals. 1 0 obj COVID-19 Testing: What You Need to Know | CDC doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43151, Kompaniyets L, Agathis NT, Nelson JM, et al. To ensure the interpretation of key clauses within ISO 17025 is maintained across both the laboratories and accrediting bodies, a document has been prepared and published by CEC. May 2020;94:91-95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017, Tenforde MW, Billig Rose E, Lindsell CJ, et al. More information on coinfection and recommendations on antimicrobial stewardship or systematic approaches to using antimicrobials can be found on CDCs Testing Guidance for Clinicians When SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses are Co-circulatingwebpage and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) COVID-19 Real-Time Learning Network webpage. Home Energy Rating System Program - HERS - California Energy Commission If needed, apply self-adhering latex-fee adhesive strip to site. Sep 2021;8(9):ofab428. Publication Number: CEC-500-2023-043. Clinical considerations for care of children and adults with confirmed COVID-19. BNT162b2 Protection against the Omicron Variant in Children and Adolescents. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jan 21 2022;71(3):96-102. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7103e1, Murthy NC, Zell E, Fast HE, et al. 2 0 obj (23) Chest computed tomography (CT) images from patients with COVID-19 may demonstrate bilateral, peripheral ground glass opacities and consolidation. 3 0 obj BMJ. Intertek is the industry leader with employees in 1,000 locations in over 100 countries. Materials Testing Services | CEC SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests typically provide rapid results and are less expensive than NAATs, but they are generally less sensitive than NAATs. doi:10.1136/bmj.n385, Martin B, Dewitt PE, Russell S, et al. The notice provides that the relief described in Notice 2020-15, regarding benefits relating to testing for and treatment of COVID-19 that can be provided by a health plan that otherwise satisfies the . Amarnath Yatra 2023 schedule announced: Pilgrimage to commence - Mint A comprehensive review of CDC's existing COVID-19 guidance to ensure they were evidence-based and free of politics. Diagnosis | Clinical Care Considerations | CDC Sterile swabs for upper respiratory specimen collection may be packaged in one of two ways: When individually wrapped swabs are not available, bulk-packaged swabs may be used for specimen collection; however, care must be exercised to avoid SARS-CoV-2 contamination of any of the swabs in the bulk-packaged container. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Apr 8 2022;71(14):524-526. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7114a2, Slezak J, Bruxvoort K, Fischer H, Broder B, Ackerson B, Tartof S. Rate and severity of suspected SARS-Cov-2 reinfection in a cohort of PCR-positive COVID-19 patients. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Store opened packages in a closed, airtight container to minimize contamination. COVID-19 Imaging: What We Know Now and What Remains Unknown. Professional special educators are guided by the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) professional ethical principles, practice standards, and professional policies in ways that respect the diverse characteristics and needs of individuals with exceptionalities and their families. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7121e1, Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, et al. These tasks depend on the transport and security protocols that are implemented by . Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020. Be sure to collect any nasal drainage that may be present on the swab. Guidance for COVID-19 | CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Previous COVID-19 Diagnosis - California and New York, May-November 2021. Apr 20 2022;doi:10.1093/cid/ciac303, Hernandez-Romieu AC, Leung S, Mbanya A, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage, tracheal aspirate, pleural fluid, lung biopsy (generally performed by a physician in the hospital setting), Sputum (collected under the guidance of a trained healthcare professional). Lancet Infect Dis. Aug 2021;38:101019. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019, Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo AE, et al. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Apr 30 2021;70(17):644-650. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7017e3, Chevinsky JR, Tao G, Lavery AM, et al. While gently rotating the swab, insert swab less than one inch (about 2 cm) into nostril parallel to the palate (not upwards)until resistance is met at turbinates. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 3 2020;69(26):841-846. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6926e3, Clifford CT, Pour TR, Freeman R, et al. Journal of Infection. Additional information on packing, shipping, and transporting specimens can be found atInterim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). doi:10.1093/cid/ciab936, Patel P, DeCuir J, Abrams J, Campbell AP, Godfred-Cato S, Belay ED. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Given new evidence on the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant, CDC has updated the, The White House announced that vaccines will be required for international travelers coming into the United States, with an effective date of November 8, 2021. NAATs that use reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology to detect SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) are highly sensitive and specific and detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in respiratory specimens. Building Energy Efficiency Standards - Title 24 There are two main types of viral tests: nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and antigen tests. Construction Engineering Consultants | CEC Hospitalizations Associated with COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-August 14, 2021. For more information, see the Antigen Test Algorithm. Am J Transplant. California Energy Commission (CEC) Testing for Appliances. To receive email updates about COVID-19, enter your email address: CDC has updated select ways to operate healthcare systems effectively in response to COVID-19 vaccination. Nursing home residents are at high risk for infection, serious illness, and death from the disease. Enabling you to identify and mitigate the intrinsic risk in your operations, supply chains and business processes. PDF CEC Guidelines Contents endobj Clin Infect Dis. COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Insured Persons Aged >/=16 Years, by Race/Ethnicity and Other Selected Characteristics - Eight Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-May 15, 2021. Collect 2-3 mL into a sterile, leak-proof, screw-cap sputum collection cup or sterile dry container. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance - United States, January 22-May 30, 2020. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Apr 1 2022;41(4):315-323. doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003449, Abrams JY, Belay ED, Godfred-Cato S, et al. 2022:o110. Feb 17 2022;386(7):698-700. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2119236, Leon TM, Dorabawila V, Nelson L, et al. Aug 2021;69(6):1253-1255. doi:10.1136/jim-2021-001853, Roskosky M, Borah BF, DeJonge PM, et al. 7 100-111 (Open Meetings Law, see also the Committee on Open Government website), Law of General Construction, 41 (Quorum and Majority). the soil testing labs estimate CEC by summing the calcium, magnesium and potassium measured in the soil testing procedure with an estimate of exchangeable hydrogen obtained from the buffer pH. Community and Citywide Education Councils - New York City Public Schools Global Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection Requiring Admission to the ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Testing lower respiratory tract specimens is also an option. (21) This study also noted that serum albumin, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and red cell distribution width were each associated with disease severity. The type of specimen collected when testing for current or past infection with SARS-CoV-2 is based on the test being performed and its manufacturers instructions. Before creating service tests, you might need to perform some initial tasks. Guideline 10 - The Tendering Process Guideline 11 - Sponsored Test Development + Surveillance Groups Guideline 13 - Sponsorship and Funding of CEC Test Method Development Guidelines This page is intended to assist in the compilation of a tender document when bidding for CEC Test Developments. For example, the provider should wear a face mask, gloves, and a gown. Place specimen in a sterile viral transport media tube. SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy: characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized and non-hospitalized women due to COVID-19. Some of the specimen types listed below will not be appropriate for all tests. Underlying Medical Conditions Associated With Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Children. Role and Responsibilities These shall include: Establish and maintain the general policies, Guidelines and strategies of CEC and direct test development activities. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.030, Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Bertollini R, National Study Group for C-E. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary Infections. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Testing Strategy for Coronavirus (COVID-19) in High-Density Critical Infrastructure Workplaces after a COVID-19 Case is Identified, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. PDF Standards for Accreditation - American Academy of Sleep Medicine Change gloves between contacts with each person being tested. @G9RCRMtCP 0j8`L.o2O1@3g,_h!>0*g2u7](r"* B9~_Y$48Z^2 ZHQ=mg,TrUB:6sv0w>lI)R Our network of more than 1,000 laboratories and offices in more than 100 countries, delivers innovative and bespoke Assurance, Testing, Inspection and Certification solutions for our customers' operations and supply chains. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Updated recommendations include recommendation against testing the same individual more than once in a 24-hour period; consideration for testing residents with symptoms for other causes of respiratory illness, such as influenza; and coordination of repeat testing in response to outbreaks with local, territorial, and state health departments. The California Energy Commission is leading the state to a 100 percent clean energy future for all. Begin gentle suction/aspiration and remove catheter while rotating it gently. Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement. Anyone performing fingerstick procedures should review the following recommendations to ensure that they are not placing persons in their care at risk for infection. 52, 2590-b, c, e, h, l, Public Officers Law, Art. More information on coinfection and recommendations on antimicrobial stewardship or systematic approaches to using antimicrobials can be found on CDC's Testing Guidance for Clinicians When SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses are Co-circulating webpage and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) COVID-19 Real-Time Learning Network webpage. The proposals must be supported by an assessment of the expressed needs For Immediate Release: Saturday, June 13, 2020 On and after January 1, 2019, all federally regulated battery chargers must be certified to the CEC's database as a federally regulated consumer product. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Jul 17 2020;69(28):923-929. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6928e1, Yang X, Zhang J, Chen S, et al. Mar 2021;82(3):329-338. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.022, Di Fusco M, Lin J, Vaghela S, et al. Antibody tests (serology) are not indicated to diagnose a current infection. Mar 2022;10(3):e326-e328. This document (CEC P-01-02) is recognised by the European co-operation for Accreditation (EA) and is included in their list of guidance documents which could be used during the assessment of laboratories seeking ISO 17025 accreditation against CEC Test Methods. Jul 16 2020;doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1012, Kompaniyets L, Pennington AF, Goodman AB, et al. Serial interval and incubation period of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. PDF Method 9081 Cation-exchange Capacity of Soils (Sodium Acetate) Jama. Risk Factors for COVID-19-associated hospitalization: COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068632, Embi PJ, Levy ME, Naleway AL, et al. For additional information about performing a risk assessment, refer to the Biological Risk Assessment: General Considerations for Laboratories and the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 6th Edition. In order to conduct software testing, a software tester needs to follow a template that informs testers what actions need to be done and how testing results are conveyed to other practitioners (e.g., designer, front-end developer, and back-end developer) who will address any observation, complaint or . Sterile swabs should be used for the collection of upper respiratory specimens. Demographic Disparities in Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19: Data From a Statewide Cohort in South Carolina. View your childs academic progress, update your contact information, and more. For an additional visual guide, see the Nasopharyngeal/Nasal Aspirate or Nasopharyngeal/Nasal Wash sections in the Influenza Specimen Collection infographic. Proper specimen collection is the most important step in the laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Nov 6 2020;69(44):1641-1647. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3, Jamieson DJ, Rasmussen SA. 2021;156(2):185-197. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqab052, Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, Levy JH. The summary of recent changes includes: Press the fingerstick collection device or lancet firmly against side of the finger pad and activate to perform the puncture. BMJ. Notice 2023-37: Guidance related to COVID-19 - KPMG United States The Guidance on Public Meetings and School Visits explains how SLT and CCEC meetings can be conducted in accordance with recent changes in law and vaccination mandates. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a soil is a measure of the quantity of negatively charged sites on soil surfaces that can retain positively charged ions (cations) such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and potassium (K+), by electrostatic forces.

Purina Antlermax For Sale, Ray Ban Founder Death, Pg County Elementary Schools, Tourist Visa Usa Requirements, Articles C